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Processing of nanoreinforced aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites and the effect of post-heat treatment: a review
The demand for cutting-edge materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio and economic considerations is steadily increasing. Lightweight materials such as aluminium (Al) and its alloys are attractive, but some properties such as low thermal stability and high wear rate limit the application of aluminium alloys (AA) to some extent. Many researchers have developed various composites to get around these restrictions and increase the performance of aluminium and its alloy. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) with nanoparticles have revealed greater mechanical and tribological properties compared with micron-sized reinforcements. Most engineering applications require materials with excellent multidimensional properties, which are difficult to achieve using single reinforced MMCs. Hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs) with superior properties are the latest trends in composite technology. The choice of reinforcement selection has a vibrant role in the manufacturing of hybrid metal matrix composites. Researchers face a major challenge in finding optimum reinforcement combinations and their corresponding concentrations. The manufacturing of nanocomposites is difficult due to their high surface area and energy. To determine the most effective reinforcement combinations for hybrid composites, this article addresses several nanoreinforcements, their effects, and the appropriate processing methods for aluminium and its alloys. Researchers have paid less attention to the impact of precipitation hardening in aluminium and its alloys; thus, this paper also considers the effect of post-heat treatment ofaluminium composites. 2022, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models /
Patent Number: 202141013761, Applicant: Dr. C Kailasanathan.
The present invention relates to processor implemented method for watermarking and cyber protection of deep learning models. The objective of the present invention is to solve the problems in the prior art related to technologies of cyber security in communication and processing of block chain data. -
Product knowledge attitude and motivation on purchase intention towards organic food products
India is credited to have the largest area under organic food cultivation. The size of the area earmarked with organic food cultivation is akin to countries like newlineArgentina, Brazil, China and Uruguay. newlineDelhi, Bangalore, Chennai and Pune are four cities in India that are experiencing increased consumer interest towards organic food products. This increased consumer interest has led to the emergence of many retailers to sell organic food products that have their presence across the above mentioned four cities. Conscious Foods, Eco Farms, Morarka Organic Foods, Navdanya, Organic India, Sresta etc are some of the retailers doing business in the organic food market segment. The consumer demand for food products that are cultivated organically in India for the period between 2012 and 2017 was predicted to increase at a CAGR of approximately 19%. In India, consumer demand for organically produced food products between the period 2015 and 2020 is expected to increase at a CAGR above 25% (India Organic Food market, 2020). Domestic demand towards organically produced food products for the Indian market presently is approximated at 40,000 million Indian Rupees. This figure is poised to increase by 100,000 million to 120,000 million Indian Rupees for the year 2020 with an identical increase in exports business towards organic food products ( Big Basket keen on collaborating with organic farmers in Karnataka, 2017). Although India is a developing economy, the market for organic food products is immature. Country specific research undertaken by AC Nielsen in the year 2006 revealed that despite Indians being one of the top ten buyers of food fortified with additives for general well-being; do not have access to organic food products. Poor infra-structure conditions in the country such as transportation facilities, storage, warehousing, etc leads to low volume of the newlineproducts for transaction which further increases selling price of organic food newlineproducts. -
Product specific determinants of electronic gadget purchase intention - a case of the purchase behaviour of Indian youth
This study investigated the impact of product specific features of electronic gadgets on the purchase intention on the Indian youth. The study was quantitative in nature and data was collected from 650 young electronic gadget consumers in Bengaluru, India using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used for data analysis. Brand image, product design, and country of origin are referred as product evaluation attributes; and corporate identity were identified as the determinants of purchase intention. Respondents were neutral regarding the role of product evaluation attributes and corporate identity in their purchases, but acknowledged these factors' importance. Findings implied a positive and significant influence of product evaluation attributes on the corporate identity of companies, and purchase intention of the youth. However, corporate identity did not influence purchase intention, clearly indicating that only product specific features, such as brand, design and country of origin are considered when youngsters purchase gadgets. Copyright 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Production of anthraquinones from cell and organ cultures of Morinda species
Abstract: Since ancient times, Morinda species, particularly Morinda citrifolia, have been used for their therapeutic benefits. Iridoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, phytosterols, and carotenoids are examples of natural substances with bioactivity. Anthraquinone derivatives are the most significant of these chemicals since they are utilized as natural coloring agents and have a wide range of medicinal functions. Utilizing cell and organ cultures of Morinda species, various biotechnological methods have been developed for the bioproduction of anthraquinone derivatives. The generation of anthraquinone derivatives in cell and organ cultures is summarized in this article. The methods used to produce these chemicals in bioreactor cultures have also been examined. Key points: This review investigates the potential of cell and organ cultures for anthraquinone synthesis. The overproduction of anthraquinones has been addressed using a variety of techniques. The use of bioreactor technologies for anthraquinone manufacturing is highlighted. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Production of betalains in plant cell and organ cultures: a review
Betalains are nitrogen-containing natural pigments that are water soluble and they comprise of the red-violet betacyanin and the yellow betaxanthin which are abundant in plants such as red/yellow beet, amaranth, prickly pear, pitaya, and others. They are widely used as food coloring agents for many centuries. Betalains are used in pharmaceuticals, functional foods, and cosmeceuticals, since they have tremendous potential to scavenge free radicals and prevent diseases, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, neurological disorders, and vascular stenosis. Betalains are proven to be toxicologically safe and have health benefits, they have been approved as food additives in the United States of America, and European countries. Although betalains can be found in natural resources, there are differences in their composition, amounts, and seasonality. For this reason, researchers have developed alternative methods of producing these valuable compounds using cell and organ culture techniques. In several plants, cell and organ cultures are established, and bioreactor technologies have been used to produce betalains on a wide scale. In this review, we discuss the varied biotechnological methods and approaches applied for the biosynthesis of betalains including metabolic engineering approaches. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024. -
Production of bio-diesel from non-edible dried fruits of lagerstroemia speciosa
Rapi d urbani zat i on and i ncr ease i n population have evoked tremendous attention for biofuelsproduction to combatshortage of fuels, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savingsand socioeconomic issues.In recent years bi odi esel product i on f rom agro-i ndust ri al feedstocks such as waste vegetable oil, animal fat, grease, non-edible fruit oils etc.,acquired prominent place to fulfil the gap between production and demand. The present investigation has been undertaken to explore a noveland environmentally friendly process for developing biodiesel production t echnol ogy by subj ect i ng dr i ed f r ui t s of Lagerstroemia speciosa to mild ultrasonication at 33KHz for 20 min at 352Cfor obtaining high lipid yield, precursor for the production of biodiesel by transesterification.The biodiesel compounds 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, 18-methylnonadecanoate were recognized as the main compounds in GC-MS analysis. 2020, Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy. All rights reserved. -
Production of bioactive compounds from cell and organ cultures of Centella asiatica
Centella asiatica, commonly known as mandukaparni, has garnered recognition for its efficacy in addressing a spectrum of health concerns. Its diverse pharmacological properties encompass roles in treating neuro-related issues, gastrointestinal problems, and cardiovascular conditions. Furthermore, it exhibits multifaceted therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, wound healing, skin protective, and anti-osteoporotic properties. This herbaceous plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as centellosides (triterpene saponins) including madecassoside, madecassic acid, asiatic acid, and asiaticoside. These compounds, crucial for their pharmacological potential, are biosynthetically produced through the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways. However, the challenge lies in the production of these important secondary metabolites, given the adverse impact on the availability of mandukaparni due to increasing demand. To address this concern, this chapter emphasizes the biotechnological interventions for the production of bioactive phytochemicals. These include plant tissue culture techniques, such as cell and organ cultures, along with elicitation strategies, genetic engineering approaches, and bioreactor-scale production. These methods aim to enhance the sustainable production of centellosides, providing valuable insights for researchers and paving the way for future opportunities in the field of plant-based therapeutics. 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies. -
Production of Biochar from Algal Biomass and Their Applications
Algal biomass represents one of the most promising targets as a source of biofuel production, bioenergy, as sustainable feedstock and other valuable products. Algal biomass with its physicochemical properties and potential use has gained immense interest presently for converting it into biochar. Algal biochar synthesis has been done using conventional methods like pyrolysis, slow, and microwave-assisted methods along with modern ones like hydrothermal carbonization and torrefaction. Algal biochar has been variedly derived from the macroalga from fresh, brackish, and marine waters. This algal biochar has been extracted for maximum nutrient contents and capacity to exchange ions, as it is high in pH, ash, nitrogen sources, and inorganic components like phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Biochar has been produced from fresh water macroalga Cladophora glomerata, as a biosorbent of heavy metals that have high toxicity. Other algal biochars include Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Gracilaria, and Oedogoniumsps has high affinity toward oxyanions like arsenic, molybdenum, and selenium that are difficult to be removed using conventional techniques. Algal biochar is a boon for amending soil for agricultural purposes especially applicable to acidic soils increasing the crop productivity and as absorbents for removing organic and inorganic contaminants in waste water treatment. 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Production of biodiesel from waste fish fat through ultrasound-assisted transesterification using petro-diesel as cosolvent and optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology
Biodiesel is a highly promising and viable alternative to fossil-based diesel that also addresses the urgent need for effective waste management. It can be synthesized by the chemical modification of triglycerides sourced from vegetable origin, animal fat, or algal oil. The transesterification reaction is the preferred method of producing biodiesel. However, the non-miscibility of alcohol and oil layer causes excessive utilization of alcohol, catalyst, and a substantial reacting time and temperature. In the current investigation, transesterification of waste fish oil was performed with petro-diesel as cosolvent, under the influence of ultrasound energy. The combination of both techniques is a unique and efficient way to minimize the mass transfer limitations considerably and hence reduces the parameters of the reaction. It is also a sincere effort to comply with the principles of green chemistry. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) that were as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil 9.09:1, catalyst concentration of 0.97 wt%, cosolvent concentration of 29.1 wt%, temperature 60.1?, and a reacting time 30min. Under these listed conditions, 98.1% biodiesel was achievable, which was in close agreement with the expected result. In addition, the cosolvent removal step from the crude biodiesel was also eliminated as it could be employed as a blended fuel in CI engines. The Author(s) 2024. -
Production of biomass and bioactive compounds from cell and organ cultures of ginseng, He-shou-wu, purple coneflower, and St. John's wort for the use in cosmetic industry
Plants and their products have been utilized as raw materials in the preparation of cosmetics for millennia. Currently, research is being done to find new plant materials that may be used as ingredients in cosmetic preparations, including body sprays, shampoos, conditioners, hair dyes/sprays, and other cosmetics. The plants that are used in the preparation of cosmetic products are usually procured from nature, however, the quality and quantity of bioactive ingredients present in the biomass vary based on the species, environment, and geographical locations from where the material has been procured. In addition, procurement of plant material from natural resources may lead to a shortage of material and even endanger the status of rare plants in the natural environment. Therefore, there is increased interest in the use of plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures (PCTOC) for the production of raw materials and bioactive specialized metabolites. There is also scope for increasing the accumulation of biomass and bioactive compounds in PCTOC by adopting various strategies such as optimization of culture medium, culture environment, elicitation, and other bioprocess methods. Furthermore, PCTOC-produced raw materials are free from contaminants, pesticides, and heavy metals and an important benefit of producing biomass in vitro is that it is easily accepted by regulatory authorities and consumers. In the current review, we describe the bioactive compounds of ginseng, purple coneflower, He-shou-wu, and St. John's wort which have cosmetological importance. Additionally, we elucidate the PCTOC method adopted for the production of biomass and bioactive compounds in these plants. 2023 SAAB -
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Production Of Boeravinone B And Related Bioactive Molecules From Cell Cultures Of Punarnava, Boerhavia Diffusa Linn.
Boerhavia diffusa L., commonly referred to as punarnava, belongs to the Nyctaginaceae family. It contains a variety of phytochemicals that contribute to the plant's pharmacological activities. Among these compounds, Boeravinone-B, a significant secondary metabolite synthesized within the plant, has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardio-protective, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activities. Given its potential, there is a growing need to produce Boeravinone-B through biotechnological approaches such as plant tissue cultures. However, limited studies have been conducted on its production via tissue culture. Therefore, our objective was to produce Boeravinone-B using callus and cell suspension cultures. To induce callus, different auxins (2,4-D, NAA, IAA, IBA, and picloram) and cytokinins (kinetin, BAP, TDZ, and 2-iP) alone and in combination to maximize biomass and Boeravinone-B production was employed. Results showed that semi-solid medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 2,4-D produced the highest biomass and Boeravinone-B production from leaf explants. Subsequently, we established cell suspension cultures and observed that a combination of 2.0 mg/L picloram and 5.0 mg/L NAA yielded the highest production of Boeravinone-B. We further optimized cultural conditions such as inoculum density, carbon sources, sucrose concentration, MS medium strength, pH, ammonium and nitrate ratio, and various concentrations of macronutrients to enhance Boeravinone-B production. Additionally, we explored elicitation strategies using both biotic and abiotic components to determine their effects on Boeravinone-B production. Elicitation involved the use of polysaccharides (chitosan), fungi (yeast extract, Aspergillus niger and Cordyceps militaris) bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis), and algal members (Valonia utricularis and Spirulina platensis). Likewise, signalling molecules (salicylic acid, sodium nitroprusside, and ethephon), polyamines (putrescine, spermine, and spermidine), and heavy metal salts (lead acetate, cadmium chloride, and lanthanum chloride) to stimulate Boeravinone-B production. Significant variations were observed among the elicitors in their ability to promote Boeravinone-B production, with the order of effectiveness being spermidine > Spirulina platensis > salicylic acid > spermine > sodium nitroprusside > Aspergillus niger > Valonia utricularis > Cordyceps militaris > yeast extract > putrescine. By employing these elicitation strategies alongside advancements in molecular aspects and large-scale production in bioreactors, we can ensure a sustainable supply of Boeravinone-B and its associated metabolites. -
Production of Boeravinone-B, total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity from callus cultures of Punarnava (BoerhaviadiffusaL.)
Boerhavia diffusa L. (Punarnava) is a medicinal herb, rich in diversified plant secondary metabolites used in curing various health ailments. Boeravinone-B is one of the important phytochemicals reported in Punarnava, possessing various pharmacological activities. It belongs to the family of rotenoids, belonging to the isoflavone group. Production of Boeravinone-B from the Punarnava through conventional propagation is comparatively very low, and alternative interventions are of utmost importance to meet the growing demand. In view of this, the present study aims to develop biotechnological approaches like cell/tissue culture as a substitute strategy for the accumulation of biomass and Boeravinone-B biosynthesis. Callus was established from leaf explants of Boerhavia diffusa L. when cultured on MS semi solid medium fortified with varied concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. The callus induced on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium) supplemented with 5.0 ppm 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) favored the highest production of Boeravinone-B analyzed through High-performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) and it was found to be 673.95 ?g g-1 Dry weight (DW). The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined for the callus extracts and the results showed that callus induced on 5.0 ppm 2,4-D medium showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, which was 63.48 mg g-1 Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) Dry weight (DW), and 30.22 mg g-1 Quercetin equivalent (QE) DW. Similarly, antioxidant activities (radical scavenging, metal chelating, and reducing power) were performed, and it was found that callus induced on 5.0 ppm 2,4-D showed the highest anti-oxidant potential. Radical scavenging activity was found to be 91.1%, and 74% of metal chelating activity was recorded, and a similar trend was observed with respect to reducing power as well. The results of the present study lay foundation for optimization and subsequent large-scale production of Boeravinone-B from callus/cell suspension cultures. The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/) -
Production of gymnemic acid from cell suspension cultures of gymnema sylvestre /
Protocols For In Vitro Cultures And Secondary Metabolite Analysis Of Aromatic And Medicinal Plants, Part of the Methods in Molecular Biology book series (MIMB,volume 1391), pp.229–239; 2nd ed. -
Production of specialized metabolites in plant cell and organo-cultures: the role of gamma radiation in eliciting secondary metabolism
Purpose: To provide an updated summary of recent advances in the application of gamma irradiation to elicit secondary metabolism and for induction of mutations in plant cell and organ cultures for the production of industrially important specialized metabolites (SMs). Conclusions: Research on the application of gamma radiation with plants has contributed a lot to microbial decontamination of seeds, and the promotion of physiological processes such as seed germination, seedling vigor, plant growth, and development. Various studies have demonstrated the influence of gamma rays on the morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of plants. Recent research efforts have also shown that low-dose gamma (5100 Gy) irradiation can be utilized as an expedient solution to alleviate the deleterious effect of abiotic stresses and to obtain better yields of plants. Inducing mutagenesis using gamma irradiation has also evolved as a better option for inducing genetic variability in crops, vegetables, medicinal and ornamentals for their genetic improvement. Plant SMs are gaining increasing importance as pharmaceutical, therapeutic, cosmetic, and agricultural products. Plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures represent an attractive alternative to conventional methods of procuring useful SMs. Among the varied approaches the elicitor-induced in vitro culture techniques are considered an efficient tool for studying and improving the production of SMs. This review focuses on the utilization of low-dose gamma irradiation in the production of high-value SMs such as phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, we present varied successful examples of gamma-ray-induced mutations in the production of SMs. Copyright 2024 Taylor & Francis Group LLC. -
Production, Delivery, and Regulatory Aspects for Application of Plant-Based Anti-microbial Peptides: a Comprehensive Review
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, positively charged biomolecules produced by various organisms such as animals, microbes, and plants. These AMPs play a significant role in defense mechanisms and protect from adverse conditions. The emerging problem of drug resistance in microbes poses a global health challenge in treating diseases. This plant-based antimicrobial peptide is a promising candidate for fighting against drug-resistant microbes. The PAMPs process specific key properties, proving their efficacy as antimicrobial agents against a broad spectrum of microbes such as Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungi. Extensive research on PAMPs has explored their potential as plant growth regulators and therapeutic agents. Their diverse mode of action on microbes encouraged their application in food industries. ThePAMPs are isolated and purified from various plant species organs such as roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. These are bioactive molecules with significant stability, and low toxicity has encouraged their application as food additives. Furthermore, to meet the consumer demand, mass production of AMPs was possible with recombinant DNA technology. The advanced and nanotechnology-based delivery system has significantly improved the efficacy and bioavailability of PAMPs as food preservatives for improved shelf-life and prevent spoilage of food products. ThePAMPs are of green origin and can be used as natural bio preservatives that do not alter the sensory properties of food and are harmless to consumers. Plants being the rich resource of AMPs to support their quick identification, and retrieval for commercial applications there is a need to integrate the omics approach with databases. TheAMPs are small, positively charged biomolecules produced by various organisms such as animals, microbes, and plants. These AMPs play a significant role in defense mechanisms and protect from adverse conditions. The emerging problem of drug resistance in microbes poses a global health challenge in treating diseases. This plant-based antimicrobial peptide is a promising candidate for fighting against drug-resistant microbes. The PAMPs process specific key properties, proving their efficacy as antimicrobial agents against a broad spectrum of microbes such as Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungi. Extensive research on PAMPs has explored their potential as plant growth regulators and therapeutic agents. Their diverse mode of action on microbes encouraged their application in food industries. ThePAMPs are isolated and purified from various plant species organs such as roots, shoots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. These are bioactive molecules with significant stability, and low toxicity has encouraged their application as food additives. Furthermore, to meet the consumer demand, mass production of AMPs was possible with recombinant DNA technology. The advanced and nanotechnology-based delivery system has significantly improved the efficacy and bioavailability of PAMPs as food preservatives for improved shelf-life and prevent spoilage of food products. ThePAMPs are of green origin and can be used as natural bio preservatives that do not alter the sensory properties of food and are harmless to consumers. Plants being the rich resource of AMPs to support their quick identification, and retrieval for commercial applications there is a need to integrate the omics approach with databases. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
PRODUCTIVITY LOSS LINKED TO NON-COMMUNICALE DISEASES ACROSS SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES: EVIDENCE FROM SEDENTARY OCCUPATION EMPLOYEES DURING COVID-19
BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed work dynamics, leading to a notable shift towards remote work, particularly for those in sedentary roles. This change has been linked to a heightened risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), many of which stem from lifestyle-related factors. Such health challenges can adversely affect productivity in the workplace, causing both absenteeism and presenteeism. AIM: This study examines the costs of presenteeism and absenteeism related to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) across socio-demographic variables. METHODS: Using stratified and purposive sampling, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 426 employees in sedentary occupations in the Delhi-NCR region. Productivity losses from presenteeism and absenteeism were assessed using the WHO HPQ Questionnaire. Additionally, the General Linear Model (GLM) was utilised to analyse the relationship between loss productive time (LPT) costs associated with presenteeism and absenteeism across disease categories and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS: Employees diagnosed with 'NCDs Category I', 'NCDs Category II', and those with 'comorbid' conditions were estimated to lose between 40 and 48 workdays each year. Absenteeism accounts for a greater portion of productivity losses than presenteeism in all disease categories. Comorbidities contribute to the most significant losses, with costs surpassing those associated with CDs by INR 51.78 thousand (932.04 AUD) for presenteeism and INR 226.47 thousand (4,076.46 AUD) for absenteeism. Additionally, every extra year of education corresponds to an increase of INR 4.96 thousand (89.28 AUD) in costs related to LPT due to presenteeism and a reduction of INR 15.68 thousand (282.24 AUD) in absenteeism-related LPT costs. CONCLUSION: The research indicates that NCDs, particularly in the presence of comorbid conditions, have a substantial effect on workplace productivity. Notably, individuals with higher levels of education and Income exhibit elevated presenteeism costs, which may be attributed to the influence of remote work arrangements. Conversely, absenteeism rates appear to be lower among highly educated employees in similar settings. 2026, Australasian College of Health Service Management. All rights reserved.