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Changes in the dynamic profile of beneficial metabolites during Panax ginseng somatic embryogenesis
In this study, we characterized the dynamic changes in the metabolite profiles of Panax ginseng during somatic embryogenesis (SE) to explore their stage-specific functional potential. We quantified phenolic compounds and amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while bioactive metabolites were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis. During SE, the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) significantly increased at the globular-to-torpedo (GT) stage, exhibiting enhanced antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity and cytoprotective effects peaked during the young plantlet (Yp) stage, driven by the accumulation of terpenoid metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rd and sarcostin. Additionally, at the embryogenic stem cell (ESC) stage, stress-related amino acids such as GABA and proline, along with metabolites like venlafaxine, clebopride, and nemonapride, which possess neuromodulatory properties, were distinctively accumulated. These results reveal the stage-specific metabolites and associated biological characteristics of ginseng SE, demonstrating the potential of ginseng-derived metabolites for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. 2025 The Authors -
Changes in portrayal of antagonists in post 9/11 American cinema- Case studies on 'The Joker' and 'Khan' /
Alfred Hitchcock said, the better the villain, the better the film. If cinema has been a mirror to our times, the characters that populate one are reflections of us- the manifestations of our times. The antagonists in cinema are all that we dread and fear presented in different degrees of hyperbole, and to unswervingly desire and cheer their downfall at the hands has been an enduring appeal of cinema. -
Change in Outlook of Indian Industrial OEMs Towards IIoT Adoption During COVID-19
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is witnessing a steady increase in adoption by infrastructure and process industries. Industrial equipment manufacturers are one of the key stakeholders in this digitalization journey. The adoption of IIoT by the equipment manufacturers has been slower due to various valid reasons. The present pandemic COVID-19 created disruption in the factory operations in many parts of the world. This consequence has been hard on the manufacturing industry including the equipment manufacturers, and many of their strategic projects are slowing down or derailed. In India, a strict lockdown of three weeks which was later extended for another seven weeks was by far the longest lockdown effecting the industry and the equipment manufacturers. This study probes the impact of COVID-19 on the mindset of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) towards adoption of IIoT. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Change detection and classification of satellite images using convolutional neural network
Satellite and airborne imagery, collectively known as earth observation imagery, are images of the earth collected from spaceborne or airborne platforms such as satellites and aircraft. Over the last 100 years, with the fast development of aviation, space exploration, and imaging technologies, the coming together of these technologies has been inevitable. Earth observation imagery has many applications in regional planning, geology, reconnaissance, fishing, meteorology, oceanography, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, forestry, landscape, intelligence, cartography, education, and warfare. With the rise in the number of these airborne and spaceborne imaging platforms being deployed by government and private entities alike, the capability to sift through and analyze vast amounts of data generated by these platforms is the need of the hour. With the exponential improvement in the computational capabilities of computers over the last half a century, analysts are exceedingly moving towards the practice of artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML), and computer vision solutions to automate a large part of the processes employed in analyzing earth observation imagery. This work recommends a workflow to perceive and classify changes in earth observation imagery of a given area by utilizing the vast flexibility that convolutional neural networks (CNN) provide. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. -
Chandrashekhar Gangadhar Deshpande (1936)
C.G. Deshpande has made significant contributions to the field of psychology through a variety of published works. Notably, he authored On Inter-caste Marriage and a Marathi text on Abnormal Psychology. His 1978 research-based book, Suicide and Attempted Suicide, further highlights his scholarly engagement, alongside co-authored works in Marathi on social and general psychology. His research on Tribal Norms of Ravens Progressive Matrices Test is featured in the collection Uses and Abuses of Intelligence, edited by John and Jean Raven. Additionally, he provided valuable insights on psychological themes through three years of weekly articles in the daily Prabhat (Pune), addressing matters such as family dynamics, personality development, and social issues. His practical contributions include the development of six psychological tests, notably the Marriage Adjustment Inventory, Personal Adjustment Inventory, and Conflictive Thoughts Analysis Inventory. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Braj Bhushan; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Chandra X-ray analysis of Herbig Ae/Be stars
Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars are intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence stars, characterized by infrared (IR) excess and emission lines. They are observed to emit X-rays, whose origin is a matter of discussion and not settled yet. X-ray emission is not expected in HAeBe stars, as they lack the subsurface convective zone. In this study, we retrieved observations from the Chandra archive for 62 HAeBe stars, among which 44 sources (detection fraction ?71 per cent) were detected in X-rays, with 7 being new detections. We use this sample as a test bed to conduct a comparative analysis of the X-ray properties of HAeBe stars and their low-mass counterparts, T Tauri stars (TTSs). Further, we compare the X-ray properties of HAeBe stars and TTSs with optical and IR properties to constrain the X-ray emission mechanism in HAeBe stars. We found no correlation between X-ray emission and disc properties of HAeBe stars, confirming that X-rays are not related to accretion shocks. About 56 per cent of HAeBe stars without any known subarcsec companions have lower plasma temperatures (kT ? 2 keV). We observe flaring/variability in HAeBe stars with confirmed low-mass companions. These stars show plasma temperatures > 2 keV, similar to TTSs. Guided by this information, we discuss the role of a T Tauri companion for X-ray emission seen in our sample of HAeBe stars. From the results obtained in this paper, we suggest that X-ray emission from HAeBe stars may not be related to accretion shocks or hidden TTS, but rather can be due to magnetically driven coronal emission. 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society. -
Championing inclusion: Understanding lgbt diversity and social support in the workplace
Purpose : This study investigated the impact of LGBT diversity management practices on the acceptance of LGBT employees by non-LGBT peers in Indian organizations. Based on classical social support theory and signaling theory, the study focused on how social support from co-workers and supervisors influenced this relationship. Methodology : Data were collected by surveying 546 employees across nine tech parks in the Indian IT/ITES sector. Partial Least Square (PLS) predictions and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted using Smart PLS version 4. Mediation and moderation analyses were also performed. Findings : The results exhibited that LGBT diversity management positively affected the acceptance of LGBT peers in the workplace (? = 0.298; t = 6.314; p = 0.00). Supervisor support was a complementary mediator (VAF = 0.33), while co-worker support moderated the association (? = 0.514; t = 15.916; p = 0.00). Practical Implications : The study presented managerial acumen regarding how social support from supervisors and co-workers enriched the efficacy of diversity management approaches. These outcomes were predominantly pertinent for organizations considering adopting an all-encompassing place of work for LGBT employees. Originality : This investigation delivered a distinctive offering by inspecting the role of social support in LGBT diversity management among the Indian IT segment. While based in Bengaluru, the study encouraged further investigation into additional businesses and geographies. 2024, Associated Management Consultants Pvt. Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Challenging the Representation of the HumanAnimal Relationship in The Elephant Whisperers
[No abstract available] -
Challenging the dichotomy: Examining parent socialization goals and behaviors regarding positive affect in Bengaluru, India
Parents' responses to youth positive affect (PA) have been dichotomized as enhancing and dampening. This dichotomy may not fit with cultural scripts about emotion in communities where a balance between positive and negative emotions is preferred. To assess parents' PA socialization in a culturally relevant manner for urban, middle-class families in India, we developed a new measure of parental goals about happiness and adapted the Responses to Adolescent Happy Affect Scale (RAHAS). We tested the psychometric properties of these measures and assessed relations among parental socialization goals and behaviors across 5 months. Our sample included 377 adolescent (84.4% girls; Mage = 14.47) and parent (63.9% mothers) dyads, primarily Hindu, in Bengaluru, India. Two parental goals factors emerged: Balancing and Controlling and Maximizing and Sharing happiness. Three factors emerged for the adapted RAHAS. Two factors were the same as the original RAHAS: (a) Enhancing strategies to upregulate PA and (b) Dampening strategies to downregulate PA. A third factor emerged: (c) Balancing strategies, which were culturally salient for families in India and aimed for moderation. Among socialization behaviors, Enhancing and Dampening were inversely related, while Balancing related positively to each. Balancing and Controlling goals were only correlated to Balancing behaviors. Maximizing and Sharing goals were correlated positively with Enhancing and inversely with Dampening. Longitudinally, Maximizing and Sharing and Balancing and Controlling goals were related to a significant increase and marginal decrease in Dampening, respectively. Challenging the dichotomy, our findings highlight the relevance of balancing to theories of PA socialization. 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Research on Adolescence published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Research on Adolescence. -
Challenging Colonial Hegemony through Khalil Gibrans Beautiful and Rare Sayings
The paper examines how Khalil Gibrans Arabic book (Al-Badai waal-Taraif), translated as Beautiful and Rare Sayings, is a rebellious call for the rebirth of the Arab nation. In this work, Gibran expresses his strong political views and dreams of liberty, urging Arabs to awaken from their slumber, regain their freedom, and build their future independently, without relying on foreign powers. Having witnessed the damaging effects of colonialism on the Arab world, Gibran realized how it threatened the future of his people and sought to reform his nation based on the values of liberty and justice. He criticizes oppressive systems such as the decline of the Ottoman Empire and European imperialism, which had long prevented the unity and peace of the Arab world. Through many insights in the book, Gibran gives voice to the pain of his people while guiding them toward the path of freedom and inspiring them with the broad aspirations they can achieve. This work represents the revolutionary spirit of its time, providing a counter-narrative to those in power who seek to silence the opposite. Additionally, this paper explores how Gibrans use of language and metaphors critiques the social and political conditions of the Arab world, reflecting his vision of unity beyond ethnic divisions. By analyzing Beautiful and Rare Sayings, the paper highlights Gibrans role as a cultural mediator, navigating colonial hegemony and inspiring cultural awakening and identity within the Arab context. 2024 selection and editorial matter, Dr. L. Santhosh Kumar, Ms. Minu A., Dr. Barnashree Khasnobis, Dr. Preetha M. and Dr. Merrin R. S.; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Challenges to state control of territory: Comparative analysis of Yemen, Afghanistan and Myanmar
States around the world have lost control over their territory to armed non-state actors, including states like Yemen, Afghanistan and Myanmar in the Asian region. This article aims to understand why these states are unable to exercise control over all of their territory. The study identifies and examines four major challenges faced by states in maintaining control over their territory lack of state legitimacy and effectiveness, strategic motives of armed non-state actors, socio-economic motives of armed non-state actors and external intervention. A comparative analysis of the cases of Yemen, Afghanistan and Myanmar illustrates the wide relevance of these challenges faced by the states with respect to territorial control. The Author(s) 2021. -
Challenges To Democratic Consolidation In Ecuador - Space For Opposition And Indigenous Representation Under Rafael Correa And Lenin Moreno
The illiberal democratic trend currently sweeping the world has emerged as a major obstacle for democratic consolidation, leading to its acceptance as the new normal of democracy. This trend has been successfully reversed in Ecuador, but the country has encountered and still grapples with several obstacles that must be overcome in order to return to the democratic consolidation route. The study focuses on the issues of consolidation, emphasizing the space allotted for participatory democracy by the ruling elites. The study examines Rafael Correas and Lenin Morenos governments in the context of the democratic consolidation framework to determine their strategic actions, behavior, and interests. The scope of the investigation will be limited with the focus made-on the space allowed for the opposition and indigenous community representation, from 2008 to 2021, to determine the extent to which Ecuadors liberal democratic process is being consolidated. 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Challenges of Treating Bilingual and Multilingual Stuttering
[No abstract available] -
Challenges of Indian girls with maternal schizophrenia
Schizophrenia, earlier known as dementia praecox, is considered to be one of the most devastating mental illnesses due to its impact on the individual as well as family members. The Indian context characterized by ones rootedness to family, warrant enquiry about difficulties and burnouts faced by girl children.When it is the mother who is suffering from the illness, there tends to be a huge lag in terms of primary care giving. A disturbed home environment along with inadequate parenting have shown to adversely affect the girl children. The present qualitative research study aimed to explore challenges faced by the girl children with maternal schizophrenia with the help of 43 Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) across India. Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA)was adopted and interviews were conducted using a validated interview guide. Thematic analysis revealed that girl children whose mothers are diagnosed with schizophrenia faced challenges in self, family and social sphere of life. Neglect, self blame and the question why me were recurrent themes.They experienced difficulties in cognitive, behavioral and social domains. The added burden of family responsibilities and social stigma made the surroundings challenging.Exploring the world of girls with maternal schizophrenia would deepen our understanding about impact of schizophrenia on family members and aid us develop interventions to support the care givers. 2019 Oriental Scientific Publishing Company. All rights reserved. -
Challenges of Digital Transformation in Education in India
Online learning has been present since the 1960s and has risen in popularity over time. World-class universities have been using online teaching-learning methodologies to fulfill the needs of students who reside far away from academic institutions for more than a decade. Many people predicted that online education would be the way of the future, but with the arrival of COVID-19, online education was imposed upon stakeholders far sooner and more suddenly than expected. When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, educational institutions began to explore digital ways to keep students studying even when they couldn't be together in person as governments enacted legislation prohibiting large groups of people from gathering for any reason, including education. The future of such a transition looks promising. However, transitioning from one mode of education to another is not easy. Historically, when educators adopt new tools, learning still continues in the conventional manner. Based on the responses of 176 students, this paper studies the challenges of Digital transformation in the Education sector. The research is extremely beneficial in evaluating the scope of societal opposition to change. 2022 IEEE. -
Challenges in preprocessing and normalization of heterogenous data
In todays information-driven landscape, the exposure to information from a wide range of sources, such as social media, financial transactions, healthcare records, and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. This variety, while providing valuable insights, also brings significant issues. Heterogeneous information, which varies in formats, structures, and scales, requires careful management to ensure it can be effectively used in analytics and machine learning. Key steps in this process include prehandling and standardization. Prehandling involves cleaning and preparing the information by tackling issues like missing values, identifying and eliminating noise (inaccurate or irrelevant information), and addressing inconsistencies. Normalization, in contrast, converts the information into a uniform format and scale, facilitating easier comparison and analysis. However, managing diverse information effectively comes with several issues. Missing information is a frequent problem, and accurately filling in these gaps can be complicated, especially for complex information types. Noise and inconsistencies can greatly affect the accuracy and reliability of any analysis that follows. Additionally, merging information from various sources with differing formats and structures can be a challenging and time-consuming task. This chapter explores the specific issues faced when prehandling and normalizing different information types, including numerical, categorical, textual, and image information. Real-world examples from India, such as the Aadhaar information base and IoT-enabled smart cities, highlight the practical implications of these issues. By grasping best practices and emerging AI-driven trends, organizations can improve information reliability and enhance decision-making. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Challenges in Plasma Spraying of 8%Y2O3-ZrO2 Thermal Barrier Coatings on Al Alloy Automotive Piston and Influence of Vibration and Thermal Fatigue on Coating Characteristics
Although Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) have found extensive application in automotive engines to enhance performance and to reduce fuel consumption and pollution, challenges of obtaining uniform and consistent coatings on non-uniform and irregularly shaped components are overcome only when the coatings are deposited via robot controlled APS or EBPVD. Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) is the most commonly used and relatively cost-effective method to make TBCs: but not all APS facilities are equipped with comprehensive coating accessories. In a reciprocating diesel engine, the bowl at the piston crown forms one side of the combustion chamber and includes the space between piston crown (generally 9% Si-Al alloy in light - medium duty diesel fuel vehicle) and cylinder head. To achieve maximum effective fuel spray distribution and combustion, normally the crown of the piston has complex contours. One of the many service related parameters to be monitored to reduce the innumerable faults contributing to the performance of the engine is vibration. This paper addresses the issue related with the challenges associated with the plasma spraying of consistent and adherent TBC on Al-9% Si research pistons and its complex contours by APS, subjecting the coated pistons to thermal fatigue tests and evaluation of the coating characteristics after subjecting to vibration. 2018 Elsevier Ltd. -
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Challenges and Solutions of Using Social Internet of Things (SIoT) in Healthcare and Medical Domains
The revolutionary idea that combines social networks with the Internet of Things (IoT) is called the Social Internet of Things (SIoT). SIoT is a term that refers to the modelling of social networks formed by connecting people and things. SIoT was designed to assist organizations in achieving specific goals, such as boosting usability, scalability, and productivity and satisfying business service requirements. The application layer of the SIoT model performs several tasks like managing the relationship, discovering the services, configuring services, and managing reliability among the devices. The information collected about SIoT is categorized by identifying the relationships between devices. SIoT creates an event identity based on data from IoT applications. This identity may then be transferred with the SIoT network and made available to other IoT apps. Thus, the SIoT network offers guidance services for reusing data from IoT applications across many IoT applications and customizing IoT solutions to meet the unique needs of individual users, hence boosting overall communication. SIoT technology entails the more efficient use of recent data to create favorable patient outcomes in healthcare and medicine. The enormous volume of data generated by SIoT-connected devices has allowed various developments and applications in the healthcare domain. SIoT leverages sensors and other connected devices in these domains to boost social solutions efficiency. Without question, sensors used for creating this kind of network model that can collect vast amounts of data are on the verge of becoming a pervasive part of our lives. If the processing and management are not carried out optimally in SIoT, there is a significant risk that the data will lose its efficacy. This chapter examines SIoT challenges and approaches in the healthcare and medical domain. SIoT approaches may assist users in detecting a patients aberrant behaviour. These approaches are capable of detecting and forecasting patients health states. The SIoTs relational models, such as community sharing, equality matching, and equality matching, also provide IoT services to users. The sensing layers functionalities are compared to those of the network layer and application when assessing SIoT services. The proposed hierarchical network model uses gateways, switches, and IoT devices to establish social relationships. CISCO packet tracer is used to construct and operate this mainly built social network for healthcare. This specially designed social network for the healthcare domain can easily be implemented and controlled by any hospital management. 2023 selection and editorial matter, Gururaj H L, Pramod H B, and Gowtham M; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Challenges and solutions in securing AI algorithms in healthcare
The paper discusses existing challenges that, based on the legal framework, the regulatory change must affect in order to ensure interest coverage in the health sector. Massive opportunities lie in the role that AI plays in healthcare in the forms of diagnostics and personalized care, while major challenges arise. AI models like machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks have improved healthcare outcomes, but they raise concerns on the privacy of patient data, explainability, and cyber threats such as adversarial attacks. Sensitive data must be protected for patients to trust AI-driven diagnosis. Bias in algorithms, the obtaining of informed patient consent, and the accountability of the AI decisions are some ethical and regulatory issues. Regulations like HIPAA(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) and GDPR(General Data Protection Regulation) are the most important while considering data protection.This includes better encryption and anonymisation of patient data, interpretable models, and stronger defences against cyber-attacks. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.