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Time resolved spectroscopy of a GRS 1915 + 105 flare during its unusual low state using AstroSat
Since its disco v ery in 1992, GRS 1915 + 105 has been among the brightest sources in the X-ray sky. Ho we ver, in early 2018, it dimmed significantly and has stayed in this faint state ever since. We report on AstroSat and NuSTAR observation of GRS 1915 + 105 in its unusual low/hard state during 2019 May. We performed time-resolved spectroscopy of the X-ray flares observed in this state and found that the spectra can be fitted well using highly ionized absorption models. We further show that the spectra can also be fitted using a highly relativistic reflection dominated model, where for the lamp post geometry, the X-ray emitting source is al w ays very close to the central black hole. For both interpretations, the flare can be attributed to a change in the intrinsic flux, rather than dramatic variation in the absorption or geometry. These reflection dominated spectra are very similar to the reflection dominated spectra reported for active galactic nuclei in their low flux states. 2024 The Author(s). -
Time Efficient Hash Key Generation for Blockchain Enabled Framework
Blockchain, in general, helps organizations to improve the transparency and governance by removing its shortfalls and building better control overall. Blockchain network, public or private, is a competent technology when used in order with an optimized hashing technique. In a blockchain network, one of the common issues is performance while registering any transactions. Blockchain must need to do some preliminary checks to avoid double-spending before registering the transaction. Here, we implement one of the optimization aspects of the hashing technique, which can contribute to the blockchain mining processes and save time. It enables the blockchain to perform efficiently and reliably. In addition, we examine how well different hashing algorithms perform when added to the blockchain network's processes. In this research, we analyze several hashing techniques that are employed in the blockchain and are also applied in the supply chain domain due to their efficacy in mitigating past attacks. Our proposed hashing technique allows a blockchain network to improve security and its overall processes. The proposed hashing technique achieves approx. 10-90% performance gain improvements over other existing technique. Our proposed hashing technique allows a blockchain network to improve security and its overall processes. The study also examines how the supply chain management contributes in increasing of overall lead time where process optimization or technological enhancement plays key roles in minimizing the time of some or all the processes. Lead time is one of the common issues of supply chain which impacts on overall order delivery time. We address on how the conjunction of blockchain with optimized hashing technique can address supply chain lead time issues. 2013 IEEE. -
Time allocation between paid and unpaid work among men and women: An empirical study of indian villages
The paper examines the time allocation between paid work (wage earning or self-em-ployed work generally termed as employment work) and unpaid (domestic chores/care work generally termed as non-employment work) along with wage rates, imputed earnings, and occupational structure among men and women and according to different social groups to establish the extent to which the rural labour market is discriminated by sex and social group. The major objective of the paper is to show the differential in wage income between men and women in farm and non-farm activities. The paper also shows the division of time between employment and non-employ-ment activities by men and women. The paper uses high-frequency data and applies econometric techniques to know the factors behind time allocation among different activities across gender. The study finds that males spend more hours on employment work and work at a higher wage rate than females. As a result, a vast monetary income gap between men and women is observed, even though women worked more hours if employment and non-employment activities are jointly taken into consideration. Time spent on employment work and non-employment (mainly domestic chores) has been found to vary significantly due to social identity, household wealth, land, income, educa-tion, and skill. The segregation of labour market by sex was evident in this study, with men shifting to non-farm occupations with greater monetary returns and continued dependence on womens farm activities. Enhancing the ownership of land and other assets, encouraging womens participation particularly among minorities, and improving health are some of the policy recommendations directed from this study to enhance participation in employment work and shifting towards higher wage income employment. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Tiger
India Post issued a 50 Naya Paisa stamp on 07 October, 1963 to commemorate the progress of the Indian Protection Act for Wild species which included this animals postage stamp in the Wildlife series 1963 definitive stamps. The year 1963 celebrated wildlife week worldwide to protect the wild species and the world natural habitats. India post has issued around 6 commemoratives and definitive stamps to mark the Bengal tiger. -
Through the Lenses of Sexual Minorities in the Indian LGBTQ + Community: Perception of Social Equality and Community Support
Whether in the form of same-sex attraction or love, the history of same-sex relationships has been well documented in every culture across the globe. In India, evidence of the same can be found on the monolithic sculptures of the Vishvanath Temple in Khajuraho and texts like Mahabharata and Sushrata Samahita. The acceptance and openness enjoyed by the non-hetero-normative and non-cis-gender individuals in ancient India, changed after the nations colonization. In current times, mainstream society holds heterosexual intercourse as the norm while considering same-sex relationships as deviations. Same sex relationships are a highly stigmatized and garner objections from several religious and political sects. This social stigma and erasure becomes harsher when directed toward individuals with polysexual or asexual orientations. The lack of awareness and representations garners bisexuals, pansexuals and asexuals the status of sexual minorities within the LGBTQ + community. This study makes use of three focus group discussions to explore the perception of each sexual minority regarding social equality within the Indian LGBTQ + community and outside it, alongside trying to understand the community support received by the sexual minorities in the Indian LGBTQ + community. The study uses inductive thematic analysis to draw out themes. The results indicate a predominant feeling of being misunderstood, exploited, fetishized and alienated even within the LGBTQ + community while finding solace in their own sub-communities and the online community. The results also reveal feelings expectations held by individuals from each sexual minority in terms of their desired place in society. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Through the Lens of Recession 2.0: Diversification Dynamics Between the Leading Asian Stock Markets
The focus of this article is to analyse the inter-linkages between eight leading stock markets in Asian continent from the period of July 2011 to February 2018. This period holds relevance as this was the time when Recession 2.0 set in, which adversely affected the developed economies; however, the developing economies withstood the crisis without much of an impact. Co-integration and Granger causality tests were conducted to probe the inter-linkages. Study revealed a positive impact on Asian stock market indices collectively on each of the indexes. The highest number of unidirectional causalities was to KOPSI and NIFTY from rest of the stock indices. Results confirmed that no co-integration relationship existed among the selected indices indicating favourable diversification opportunities. Thus, the study fosters global market participants and policymakers to consider the nitty-gritties of stock market integration so as to benefit from international stock market diversification in the Asian region. 2022 Management Development Institute. -
Three-dimensional eveluation model for assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management systems and portals /
Patent Number: 202241049097, Applicant: D Venkata Subramanian.
This invention is related to the field of web and semantic technology. For effective assessment of any Knowledge Management System (KMS), it is important to consider three primary dimensions/factors; being usability, availability and relevance. The proposed invention is a three-dimensional model provides an easy-to-use and comprehensive effectiveness assessment for any KMS or knowledge portals. -
Three-dimensional eveluation model for assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management systems and portals /
Patent Number: 202241049097, Applicant: D Venkata Subramanian.
This invention is related to the field of web and semantic technology. For effective assessment of any Knowledge Management System (KMS), it is important to consider three primary dimensions/factors; being usability, availability and relevance. The proposed invention is a three-dimensional model provides an easy-to-use and comprehensive effectiveness assessment for any KMS or knowledge portals. -
Three-component p-TSA catalyzed synthesis of hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives
A direct single-pot three-component procedure for synthesizing bio-active hydrazinyl thiazole derivatives has been demonstrated. The reaction involves substituted 2-Bromoacetophenones, carboxaldehydes, and thiosemicarbazide to form the hydrazinyl thiazole scaffolds via a simple condensation reaction followed by intramolecular cyclization with p-TSA as a catalyst at room temperature. The ease of product separation, lack of column chromatographic purification, and use of readily available starting materials result in an efficient approach for organic synthesis. 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Three-Component Convection in a Vertically Oscillating Oldroyd-B Fluid With Cross Effects
This paper sheds light on the impact of vertical oscillations (or gravity modulation) on triple-diffusive convection in a viscoelastic fluid using the Oldroyd-B model, in the presence of cross effects. Cross effects can significantly impact three-component convective systems, despite having small magnitudes. When the cross terms, indicating coupled molecular cross-diffusion of the mixture components, are included in the equations governing heat and species transport, then a deviation from the usual three-component convection process is observed. An analytical solution has been found using linear and nonlinear analysis. The conditions for the onset of convection have been obtained using the linear analysis, which is based on the perturbation technique and the Venezian method. In nonlinear analysis, the expressions for Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, which quantify the rate of heat and mass transport respectively, are obtained by deriving the Lorenz model. It has been found that the onset of convection and heat and mass transport can be controlled by choosing the appropriate values of the parameters. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. -
Three dimensional mixed convection flow of hybrid casson nanofluid past a non-linear stretching surface: A modified Buongiorno's model aspects
The purpose of this study is to determine the role of mixed convection, Brownian motion, and thermophoresis in the dynamics of Casson hybrid nanofluid in a bidirectional nonlinear stretching sheet. For the flow model, a combination of Tiwari and Das models, as well as Buongiornos model, is considered. The thermophysical characteristics of Gr, TiO2, and blood are employed. With the assistance of relevant similarity transformation, the describing flow equations of a Casson hybrid nanofluid model are reformed in the form of a system with a single independent variable. The solution for these equations is obtained using the RKF-45 approach. The velocity, temperature, and concentration fields are visually developed for both linear and non-linear stretching sheets, and the implications of the major parameters are presented in detail. It is clear from the current investigation that heat and mass transfer characteristics of fluid are better in the case of linear stretching than non-linear stretching. Furthermore, the mixed convection parameter is found to enhance the fluid flow velocity. However, the trend is quite opposite in the thermal and concentration fields. Meanwhile, the increase in the yield stress caused due to the rise in the Casson parameter decreases the flow velocity. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
Three decades of advances in extraction and analytical techniques for guava (Psidium guajava L.): A review
Despite extensive experimental focus, there remains a notable gap in comprehending the progressive development of these techniques over time. This comprehensive review is dedicated to cataloging the evolution of extraction and analytical methods spanning several decades. In this article, we meticulously traced the development of analytical and extraction techniques. Additionally, we intricately map the periodic discovery of metabolites within guava fruit, aligning them with the chronological utilization of analytical methods. This article results from extensive research and literature analysis to bridge the knowledge gap. Our efforts highlight the advantageous phytochemicals in guava and the diverse extraction techniques available. By encompassing various facets of analytical methods and delving into metabolomics, this review can offer substantial benefits to cultivating future guava varieties. Subsequent sections within this review will serve as a valuable resource, aiding prospective researchers in identifying the most effective extraction and analytical methods for discovering novel metabolites in guava or similar biological samples. Furthermore, through a comprehensive timeline detailing methodological advancements, this review enhances our understanding of the evolutionary path of guava research. Such insights empower researchers to make informed decisions and actively contribute to the continual advancement of the field of research. 2024 -
Threats and security issues in smart city devices
The main objective of this chapter is to discuss various security and privacy issues in smart cities. The development of smart cities involves both the private and public sectors. The theoretical background is also discussed in future growth of smart city devices. Thus, the literature survey part discusses different smart devices and their working principle is elaborated. Cyber security and internet security play a major role in smart cities. The primary solution of smart city security issues is to find some encryption methods. The symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithm is analyzed and given some comparative statement. The final section discusses some possible ways to solve smart city security issues. This chapter showcases the security issues and solutions for smart city devices. 2022, IGI Global. -
Threat Intelligence Model to Secure IoT Based Body Area Network and Prosthetic Sensors
This research work proposes a threat intelligence model for Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors-based Body Area Network (BAN). It is focused primarily to be used in healthcare monitoring of vital parameters of critically ill patients and on the contrary performance measurement system for healthy sportspersons. The end-point control based applications are growing enormously with the advent of IoT based sensors and actuators being used in intelligent real-time systems. At the same time, it is expected to keep the ecosystem safe for the user while delivering the constant updates. However, the process for the monitoring health and wellness parameters of a patient, or measuring endurance and performance of a sportsperson, it remains vulnerable without a secure environment. Using the proposed model, the entire healthcare ecosystem may be designed for the personalized medication of a patient who are using sophisticated life-saving device like prosthetic heart valve or an elderly person dependent on medical-aided ambulatory devices or a sportsperson on performance measurement system. The Electrochemical Society -
Thinking Beyond Empowerment : Understanding Autonomy in the Context of Kudumbashree
The concepts empowerment, agency and autonomy have gained a wider range of attention in newlinethe developmental research regimes. Amidst the conceptual drift these concepts are used newlineinterchangeably leading to uncertainty and proliferated meanings. The process of newlineempowerment may not always lead to autonomy. Through an ethnography of Kudumbashree, newlinean SHG in the South Indian state of Kerala, the current research focuses on how these women exercise agency to trouble the conventional boundaries between empowerment and autonomy. The transition of agency from the economic to the political domain is a subtle enterprise and is mediated by a number of factors including economic independence, decision making capability, mobility and political participation. Social - economic - political and cultural implications of women empowerment could be the first step in challenging and overcoming the relations of oppression in any society. The stereotypical assumptions can be negotiated by solely apportioning responsibilities and re-engaging with the system through everyday practices. The nuances of empowered women s re-engagement with local power regimes lead newlineto changes at the conceptual level that cuts beyond the individual and group level material transformations. The study figures how autonomy is a mediated process that is both agentic and subversive to the local patriarchal structures. -
Thickness dependent tungsten trioxide thin films deposited using DC magnetron sputtering for electrochromic applications
DC magnetron sputtering was used to grow tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films on FTO and corning substrates. SEM, XRD, Electrochemical Analyzer, and UVVis Spectrometer were used to analyze surface morphology, structural properties, electrochromic characteristics, and optical characteristics. At an 800 nm wavelength, a decrease in thin-film thickness increased optical transmittance from 87 % to 95 %. Furthermore, coloring efficiency was observed to vary with the thickness of thin films for both 500 nm and 375 nm are 10.34 cm2 C-1 to 18.57 cm2 C-1. In comparison to the high-thickness thin film, the lesser-thickness deposited nano-thin film has a higher diffusion coefficient. At 8 10-4 mbar partial pressure, the diffusion coefficients for the smaller and the high-thickness thin film are 7.28x10-14 cm2s?1 and 6.0x10-14 cm2s?1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient and coloring efficiency have been found to have a considerable influence on the thickness and surface-to-volume ratio, which could be important in electrochromic applications. 2022 -
Thermorheological effect on RayleighBard magnetoconvection in a biviscous Bingham fluid with rough boundary condition on velocity and Robin boundary condition on temperature
The thermorheological effect on the onset of RayleighBard convection in a biviscous Bingham fluid in the presence of a horizontal magnetic field is investigated considering rough boundary conditions on velocity and Robin boundary conditions on temperature. The viscosity of the electrically conducting fluid is assumed to be sensitive to temperature variation. Linear and global nonlinear stability analyses are performed using the Chebyshev pseudospectral method to determine the existence of instability or otherwise. A general interpretation is made from the results to show the effects of the magnetic field and the variable viscosity on the system's stability. The biviscous Bingham parameter and the Chandrasekhar number are shown to have a delay in the onset of convection, while the effect of temperature sensitivity is to advance the onset. It is found that the results of linear and global nonlinear stability are not in agreement, so the region of subcritical instability exists. Also, the results obtained for RayleighBard convection agree pretty well with those of Platten and Legros and Siddheshwar et al. for the limiting cases. 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
Thermorheological and magnetorheological effects on Marangoni-Ferroconvection with internal heat generation
Marangoni convectiveinstability in a ferromagnetic fluid layer in the presence of a spatial heat sourceand viscosity variation is examined by means of the classical linear stability analysis. The higher order Rayleigh-Ritz technique is used to compute the critical Marangoni number. The effective viscosity of the ferromagnetic liquid is taken to be a quadratic function of both the temperature and magnetic field strength. It is shown that the ferromagnetic fluid is significantly influenced by the effect of viscosity variation and is more prone to instability in the presence of heat source compared to that when viscosity is constant. On comparing the corresponding results of heat source and heat sink it is found that heat sink works in tandem with the effect of viscosity variation if magnetic field dependence of viscosity dominates over temperature dependence. If the temperature dependence of viscosity dominates, the effects of viscosity variation and heat sink are mutually antagonistic. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. -
Thermomechanical and viscoelastic properties of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer nanocomposites
Due to the ongoing depletion of fossil fuels, which have been the primary sources of monomers from which the vast majority of synthetic polymers are derived, biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric composites (BBPCs) have received a great deal of attention in recent years. The use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers is expanding due to their ability to reduce toxic and nondegradable waste materials. Traditional polymers such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene are nonbiodegradable, making reuse and recycling difficult. As a result, massive amounts of nonbiodegradable waste are generated all over the world. Biodegradable polymers have been widely used in medical and packaging applications because they are typically made from renewable materials that biodegrade when discarded. Producing biodegradable composites with the addition of environmentally friendly nanofillers is increasingly being regarded as the next-generation materials for improving some of the properties and performance of biodegradable polymers. Despite growing interest in biodegradable and biocompatible polymer research, most studies focus on their preparation methodologies and characterization, with little attention paid to their thermo-mechanical and viscoelastic behavior. Thus, the potential of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer nanocomposites under various thermo-mechanical conditions, as well as their viscoelastic behavior, is reviewed in this chapter. 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Thermoluminescence glow curve analysis and trap parameters calculation of UV-induced La2Zr2O7 phosphor doped with gadolinium
Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve analysis and calculation of trap parameters are reported for gadolinium (Gd3+)-doped La2Zr2O7 (LZO) phosphor. Phosphors were prepared by modified solid-state reaction method with varying concentration of Gd3+ (0.12.5mol%) including proper calcination and sintering temperature. Structural analysis of prepared phosphor for optimized TL concentration was recorded by X-ray diffraction analysis technique. Morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopic technique. The UV ray induced to the phosphor and effect of dose response recorded for variable dose rates of UV and TL glow curve were observed. The experimental and theoretical comparison was done by computerized glow curve deconvolution technique which determines the trap parameters such as trap depth, order of kinetics, and frequency factor for optimized concentration of dopant. The trap parameters and trap model are discussed in detail. 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.