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Modified Carbon-Based Composites and Their Electrochemical Studies
Energy storage has emerged as the world's most important issue, attracting the focus of researchers and commercial developers due to the economy's rapid growth and the rise in the usage of portable electronics and electronic vehicles. These devices make it possible to efficiently capture and store the excess energy produced during times of high generation, so that it can be used when there is little or no generation. Devices for storing renewable energy contribute to grid stability and lessen the reliance on fossil fuel-based power plants. Moreover, they contribute to the decarbonization of the energy industry, mitigating climate change, and promoting a sustainable future. This thesis explores the potential of modified carbon-based composites as advanced materials for energy storage applications particularly supercapacitors and solar thermal fuels. The research focuses on the careful design and synthesis of ternary composites, incorporating carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and graphitic carbon nitrides, metal sulphides, nitrogen rich moieties, and conductive additives like polyaniline and polypyrrole. A wide variety of methodologies were used to describe the structural and morphological characteristics of the composite materials. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and other techniques were used. These methods gave important information about the composite materials' chemical structure, type of bonding and arrangements, surface morphology, and thermal stability. Electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, have been extensively employed to investigate the performance and behaviour of supercapacitor electrodes and devices. The results demonstrate significant improvements in electrochemical performance, including enhanced specific capacitance, excellent cycling stability, and remarkable rate capability. These findings indicate that the modified carbon-based ternary composites hold promise for high-performance energy storage devices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of next-generation energy storage technologies, offering more efficient and sustainable solutions for storing energy. -
Modified Metal Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and Energy Storage Applications
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline material formed by the newlinecombination of metal ions/clusters along with organic linkers. This work is mainly based on newlinesynthesizing MOFs and their application in electrocatalytic water splitting and newlinesupercapacitors. The MOFs synthesized in the present work are Ni-Cu, {Mn-NiNH2(h2fipbb)}, Mn-MOF/rGO, and Sm-MOF/rGO/PANI using different ditopic and tritopic linkers. Using various characterization techniques, the formation of the synthesized MOFs is confirmed. The increasing use of fossil fuels now contributes to a number of environmental problems, including climate change and global warming. High-performance electrochemical energy storage devices are essential for portable electronics, electric cars, newlineand renewable energy storage medium, driving demand. MOFs are emerged as a promising newlinecontender for energy storage applications owing to their novel microstructures, atomically dispersed metal centers, and earth-abundant metal components. Electrochemical water splitting is a crucial approach in the pursuit of producing environmentally friendly fuels such newlineas H2 and O2, reducing our dependence on traditional fossil fuels while promoting newlinesustainable and clean energy sources. In order to produce hydrogen with the best efficiency and lowest cost, these MOFs are used. Electrochemical studies like cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that the prepared MOFs can be used as supercapacitors. Linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel plot determine the performance of these MOFs towards water splitting studies. Supercapacitors, which are electrochemical capacitors, are popular energy storage devices with quick charge rate, high power density, excellent rate capability, and outstanding life expectancy. -
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Modulated Rayleigh-benard ferroconvection in couple stress fluid
Ferromagnetic fluid with couple-stress confined between two stress-free, isothermal horizontal plates is considered in this study. The effect of different types of modulation on Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple-stress is examined by considering sinusoidal (sine) and non-sinusoidal (square, triangular, and sawtooth) wave type of modulation. Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple-stress subjected to gravity, rotation, temperature, and internal heat modulation is discussed by performing linear and non-linear analyses. The effect of various parameters on the onset of convection and heat transport is studied. The ferromagnetic parameters hasten the convection onset and enhance the heat transfer under various modulations. The results of a Newtonian fluid, ferromagnetic fluid, and couple-stress fluid are obtained as the limiting cases of this study. -
Modulated rayleigh-benard ferroconvection in couple stress fluid
Ferromagnetic fluid with couple stress confined between two stress-free, isothermal horizontal plates is considered in this study. The effect of different types of modulation on Rayleigh-Bard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple stress is examined by considering sinusoidal (sine) and non-sinusoidal (square, triangular, and sawtooth) wave types of modulation. Rayleigh- Bard convection in a ferromagnetic fluid with couple stress subjected to gravity, rotation, temperature, and internal heat modulation is discussed by performing linear and non-linear analyses. The expression for the critical Rayleigh number and the correction Rayleigh number are deduced using the Venezian approach. The effect of gravity, rotation, temperature and internal heat modulation on heat transport is studied using the generalized Lorenz model. The effect of various parameters on the onset of convection and heat transport is studied. The ferromagnetic parameters hasten the convection onset and enhance the heat transfer under various modulations. The results of a Newtonian fluid, ferromagnetic fluid, and couple stress fluid is obtained as the limiting cases of this study. -
Molecularly Imprinted Nanomaterials for the Electrochemical Sensing of Environmental Pollutants
ntegrating molecularly imprinted nanoparticles, environmental contaminants are detected electrochemically on a glassy carbon electrode that caters as the transducer host. The modification of electrodes using different noble nanoparticles resulted in enhanced electrooxidation of analytes. The allocation of chitosan as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles enhances the sensor's efficiency. Different characterizations like UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering analysis further confirm the synthesized nanoparticles' morphology, stability, and size. The different experimental conditions needed for effective detection, like electrolytes, potential window, scan rate, and pH, were optimized with utmost careful examination. The morphological characterization of the electrodes were executed utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy and Optical profilometry, whereas the electrochemical characterization was performed using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The Nyquist plot showcased the low resistance and high charge transfer of modified imprinted electrodes with enhanced surface area. Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry, the sensor was validated with nano to femto-level detection limits and a wide linear range with good sensitivity. The imprinting factor displays the superior electroactivity of imprinted sensors compared to non-imprinted sensors. The molecularly imprinted electrode effectively detected environmental pollutants in different water samples. Hence, all the works point to the exceptional approach of imprinted nanomaterials in electrochemical detection with its simplicity and facile preparation. It may be used to develop a susceptible voltammetric sensor for researching environmental pollutants. -
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Moral Identity, Moral Emotions and Maladaptive Personality Traits Among Adolescents in South Korea by Doo Jong Kim
The rule of survival of the fittest often thwarted the leap towards holistic development. How does morality associate with personality in adolescent development? Drawing on the theories of Augusto Blasi and Gordon Allport, the present study took a morality-personality integrative approach to adolescent development and viewed moral identity centrality as an agentic drive for their holistic growth. It aimed to determine whether moral identity centrality, other-praising moral emotion, and personality dysfunction of maladaptive personality traits are coherent in predicting antisocial behaviour in a sample of 436 Korean adolescents (M = 15.71 years, SD = .70; female 48.4%). The present study set up three hypotheses in the structural relationship of research variables (i.e., moral identity centrality, other-praising moral emotion, personality dysfunction of maladaptive personality traits and antisocial behaviour). Hypothesis 1: Personality dysfunction of multiple maladaptive personality traits predicts antisocial behaviour. Hypothesis 2: Other-praising moral emotion and personality dysfunction mediate moral identity centrality and antisocial behaviour. Hypothesis 3: Sex does not make notable differences in the structural relationship of research variables. The study analyzed the data mainly through structural equation modelling (SEM). As a result, all hypotheses were accepted. First, four multiple maladaptive traits, i.e., negative affectivity, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism, significantly predicted adolescents antisocial behaviour (and#946; = .791, p lt .001) (Hypothesis 1). Second, the modified structural model showed a serial multiple mediation effect of other-praising moral emotion and personality dysfunction between moral identity centrality and antisocial behaviour (Hypothesis 2). Third, multi-group analyses showed apparent coherence among research variables regardless of sex (Hypothesis 3). -
Morphological Characterization of Selected Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
In the last few years considerable interest has been aroused in the study of amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon has a wide range of properties that are primarily controlled by the different bond hybridizations possible in such materials. This gives different properties like high strength, flexibility etc. Due to these properties, they are used in thin film technology and in nanoscale electronic devices. Films can range from those with high transparency and are hard and diamond-like, through to those which are opaque, soft and graphitic-like. Application areas include field emission cathodes, electronic devices, medical and optical coatings. Hence study of different carbon structures has been of great interest for many researchers. Several techniques have been used to study various sources of carbon. Hydrocarbons are the most abundant sources of carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons found, naturally occur in crude oil and the decomposition of these give hydrogen and carbon. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons leads to the production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon combustion therefore mainly have aromatic and aliphatic chains of carbon. Hydrocarbons are by far the most widespread precursors among carbon sources employed in the production of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanosphers. In the present study diesel soot, camphor soot and coal has been used as precursors for nanomaterials. Impurities in the samples can reduce efficiency of production. Mineral matter encompasses dissolved salts in the pore water and inorganic elements associated with the organic compounds, as well as crystalline and non-crystalline mineral particles. Quantitative analysis of minerals and other inorganics contributes to defining coal quality. Therefore a study on effects of bio and base leaching on coal samples are also done. XRD is one of the majorly used techniques to deduct the various structural parameters like interlayer spacing of crystalline (d002) structure, crystallites size (La, Lc), aromaticity (fa), number of layers of carbon atoms per aromatic lamellae(n). According to Scherrer, crystallite size varies inversely with peak width. Therefore it is a known fact that a broad hump in the spectrum indicates the presence of nano layers. These parameters are determined from the intensity profiles of the sample hydrocarbons. Also the structure of the hydrocarbon can be characterized using NMR and SEM EDS. 1H NMR spectra can yield structural information that allows classification of complex mixtures containing hundreds of aromatic, naphthenic, paraffinic, olefinic, and isoparaffinic compounds. SEM/EDS techniques allow both inorganic analysis of bulk materials and determination of chemistry and abundance of microscopic constituents. SEM analysis also gives us the size of nano particles formed in the sample. EDS allows one to identify what those particular elements are and their relative proportions. CHNS analysis gives the elemental composition of the samples. The study shows that the carbonaceous soot produced from combustion of diesel in engine show the presence of significant amount of carbon nanomaterials. The SEM micrographs indicate that nanoparticle present in diesel soot is clusters of carbon nanospheres. EDS analysis reveals the soot particles to be composed of primarily carbon and oxygen along with hydrogen. NMR spectrum of the soot reveals significant aliphatic component with predominance of methyl and methylene groups on ?and ?? positions to aromatic rings. Camphor soot XRD analysis shows presence of ordered layers of nanolayers and laso the presence of CNTs. The SEM micrographs of camphor show the presence of carbon nanostructures. The EDS analysis shows more of carbon and oxygen along with aluminium, silicon and potassium. Study of coal samples treated with biological leaching agents reveals that Penicillium spp (PE) treated sample is having more of a graphitic or ordered structure and the d002 spacing of this sample is 3.37 ?? which is close to graphite. XRD data of coal sample treated with base leaching agents confirms the turbostratic structure of coal. The SEM micrographs of the samples show that KN has more graphite like sheet structures. -
Morphology of interstellar medium using multi-wavelength obervations
The interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter that exists between the stars in a galactic system. The structure and composition of a galaxy can be understood by a study of the ISM. Our Galaxy is the only place where the observations of the ISM can be resolved and studied in great detail. There are various archived observations from space-based and ground based telescopes spanning a large region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Combining these different observations with one another will help to study the ISM on a large scale. We have compiled some such observations and analyzed the column density data, to study the ISM and make the database available to the scientific community for further investigations. The data was taken from papers published over a span of 60 years (1951 to 2010). The column densities in these papers were derived using different methods and observations from various telescopes operating in different wavelengths. We compiled these diverse data into a single catalogue and analysed the data. We studied the correlations between the line of sight gas and dust and reported new correlations not published before (APJS, 119(1), 8, 2012). We also studied the spatial distribution of the interstellar gas and dust and have estimated the corresponding exponential vertical scale heights. There also exists a wide range of photometric data from various telescopes which can be combined to cover a large range of wavelengths. We have made use of Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) photometric data in conjunction with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data to obtain the point sources observed by both missions. GALEX observed in two bands simultaneously, the far-ultraviolet (FUV: 1350 1750 and the near-ultraviolet (NUV: 1750 - 2750 , while SDSS observed in five bands u, g, r, i and z, with effective wavelengths ranging from 3551 to 8931 GALEX and SDSS together provide photometric data ranging from the far-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. -
Morphology of interstellar medium using multi-wavelength observations
The interstellar medium (ISM) is the matter that exists between the stars in a galactic system. The structure and composition of a galaxy can be understood by a study of the ISM. Our Galaxy is the only place where the observations of the ISM can be resolved and studied in great detail. There are various archived observations from space-based and ground-based telescopes spanning a large region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Combining these different observations with one another will help to study the ISM on a large scale. -
Mother Daughter Relationship: Daughters' Experience
This study explores daughters' experience of their relationship with their mothers, and how this relationship has been perceived and interpreted by them during different periods in their lives, starting from childhood till the time of their motherhood. Further it recognizes the changes in the mother daughter relationship and factors contributing to these changes over a period of time. The study also explores stressful times in the mother daughter relationship, and the impact that the mother has on the daughter. 11 married women with at least one child were interviewed using life history method and data was analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Findings indicated changes in daughters' communication with her mother over the life cycle and change in roles for the daughter as evident through role reversal and mutual mothering. Factors contributing to growth and change in the relationship were identified as the daughter experiencing wife and mother roles herself. Daughters' pregnancy, and birth of grand children have been identified as factors which evoked a lot of support from mothers. Further, adolescence was reported as a stressful period in the mother daughter relationship. In addition, the mother's values, and behaviour was found to have a direct or indirect impact on the role attitudes and behaviours of some daughters in the study. The power of the mother's influence lied in her implicit and explicit messages given to the daughter more than her actual role choice. Some mothers and daughters had gender based expectations for each other. -
MOTIVATION IN RELATION TO WORK ENGAGEMENT OF SALES PERSONNEL IN TELECOM INDUSTRY
The study is in motivation in relation to work engagement of sales personnel in telecom industry. Motivation is the Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested in and committed to a job, role, or subject, and to exert persistent effort in attaining a goal. Workengagement is defined as a positive, fulfilling, work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption. Vigor is characterized by high levels of energy and mental resilience while working, the willingness to invest effort in one??s work, and persistence even in the face of difficulties; dedication by being strongly involved in one's work, and experiencing a sense of significance, enthusiasm, inspiration, pride, and challenge; and absorption by being fully concentrated and happily engrossed in one??s work, whereby time passes quickly and one has difficulties with detaching oneself from work. When you don't have the motivation to do your work, you will either eventually get fired or you will not likely get promoted and will stay where you are for a long time. If you are the supervisor or the owner, a lack of motivation throughout your company can create a rather unproductive workplace. This will lead to loss of sales, profits, and market share. In this case, it's important to do what it takes to create an environment where people naturally want to do their work. The importance of employee motivation shouldn't be taken lightly here. The company's survival depends on it. Modern organizations need energetic and dedicated employees: people who are engaged with their work. These organizations expect proactively, initiative and responsibility for personal development from their employees. Overall, engaged employees are fully involved in, and enthusiastic about their work. The hypotheses of the study were (a) The interaction effect between MPS and CPS does not significantly influence the personnel outcomes of sales professionals in telecom industry. (b) The interaction effect between work engagement and CPS does not significantly moderate the personnel outcomes of sales professionals in telecom industry.(c) There is no significant difference in demographics in work engagement across demographics. The review of related literature in the area of motivation and work engagement provided the researcher valuable inputs, perspective, insights and direction in understanding these factors and designing this study. The researcher has attempted to seriously and systematically undertake the present investigation. There are two research models; these two models were tested using the statistical technique hierarchical regression model. These two models were framed based on the job diagnostic model of Hackman and Oldham (1974) and Job resource model of Bakker and Demerouti (2010). The research methodology adopted for the study was surveying of 359 sales employees in different telecom industries using structured questionnaires. The independent variable of this study were Motivation(core job dimensions, critical psychological states, personnel outcomes).The dependent variable is work engagement(vigor, dedication, absorption) and the demographic variables are, age, work experience, marital status, and gender. The major findings of the study were: 1.There is a positive significant correlation between critical psychological states and motivation potential score. Critical psychological states promote high performance motivation and satisfaction at work. 2.The interaction effect between MPS and CPS significantly moderate the personnel outcomes of sales professionals in telecom industry. 3.The interaction effect between work engagement and Critical Psychological State significantly moderate the personnel outcomes of sales professionals in telecom industry. 4.Work engagement significantly influences the outcomes. 5.Age and marital status has a significant influence on work engagement. The concept of motivation and work engagement is gaining importance across every organization. This study aims at helping Telecom organizations to build more effective policies with respect to motivation and work engagement .By offering effective policies and encouraging employees to make use of available policies and programmes the organization will in turn be increasing the employee??s level of satisfaction and also commitment towards the organization. This will help the organization retain its best people or talent. -
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Motivational Behaviour of Tourism Employees in Relation to Organisational Culture and Career Orientations
The productivity and effectiveness of any organisation depends mainly on the performance level of the employees in the organisation. Human behaviour scientists over the years have conducted various studies and have concluded that, the performance of employees in any organisation depends largely on their motivational behaviour. Reviews of related literature confirm the role of various factors in the motivational behaviour of employees including organisational culture and career orientation of employees. The title of the present study is Motivational Behaviour of Tourism Employees in Relation to Organisational Culture and Career Orientations. The major objectives included ascertaining the relationship between motivational behaviour and organisational culture and career orientations of tourism employees and finding out whether differences in demographic variables would account for significant differences in motivational behaviour. The population of the study consisted of 323 employees of public sector, private sector and multinational companies working in travel agencies, tour operations, airlines and hotels and resorts in Bangalore. The sampling technique employed was judgment sampling. For the present study three tools namely: Motivational Analysis of Organisations- Behaviour (MAO-B) by Pareek (2003), Organisational Culture Survey by Pareek (2003) and Career orientations Inventory by Schein (1990) were used to collect data. The findings of the study show that while two aspects of organisational culture namely internal and future oriented influence the motivational behaviour of employees working in the private sector, no aspect of organisational culture has any influence on the motivational behaviour of employees working in the public sector. Further, only ambiguity tolerant aspect of organisational culture influence the motivational behaviour of employees working in multinational companies. -
Multi Parameterized Modified Local Binary Pattern for Lung Cancer Detection by Deep Learning Methods
The research work is focusing on developing a classification model for Lung Cancer detection by integrating the image features with Modified Local Binary Pattern (MLBP), Modified Principal Component Analysis (MPCA), newlinesymptoms and Risk factors using Deep Learning methods and converting the image features into three dimensional (3D) images. The aim of this research is to identify the malignant and normal tumours from the Computer newlineTomography (CT) images with improved accuracy. The 2D CT images of Lung Cancer patients have been preprocessed with Median and Gabor filtering methods and watershed segmentation. The CT images are also newlineprocessed with the Zero Component Analysis (ZCA) whitening and Modified Local Binary Pattern. The processed image is used in the research for classification. The Lung Cancer dataset in the research are collected from newlinevarious medical colleges. The dataset contain CT images with Lung Cancer and without Lung Cancer. The research is conducted by integrating the selected Image features, Risk factor and symptoms of Lung Cancer of the newlinesame patients. The Integration using feature selections is carried out with Modified Principal Component Analysis. The Modified Principal Component Analysis is used in the research to reduce the time complexity. The results are evaluated with Gini coefficient, Confusion Matrix parameters and ROC newlinecurve. Two Dimensional (2D) CT images are converted into a Three Dimensional (3D) image for the clarity and the visibility of Lung Cancer nodules. The conversion from 2D to 3D has been using combining two methods, the orthogonality and visualization of 4D rotation. This enabled to find the location of the Lung Cancer from different angle and with different viewpoints. The 3D image shows the location of the Lung Cancer by Four Dimensional (4D) visualization and 3D rotation, thus giving clarity to the newlineexisting 2D images. -
Multi-component condensation mediated synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds
Aromatic heterocycles constitute the most diverse family of organic compounds. Moreover, aromatic heterocycles are widely used for the synthesis of dyes and polymeric materials of high value. The development of selective reactions that utilize easily available and abundant precursors for the efficient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is a long-standing goal of chemical research. Despite the centrality of its role in a number of important research areas, including medicinal chemistry, total synthesis,and materials science, a general, selective, step-economical, and stepefficient synthesis of heterocycles is still needed.Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives have been synthesised by a one-pot multicomponent condensation of different aldehydes, dialdehydes, and ketones with malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate (or phenylhydrazine) in the presence of magnetic nano-[CoFe2O4] catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation. The catalyst can be retrieved using an external magnet and used repeatedly. A practical, scalable method for obtaining various pyranopyrazoles has been demonstrated.
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Multi-component condesation mediated synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds
Aromatic heterocycles constitute the most diverse family of organic compounds. Moreover, aromatic heterocycles are widely used for the synthesis of dyes and polymeric materials of high value. The development of selective reactions that utilize easily available and abundant precursors for the efficient synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is a long-standing goal of chemical research. Despite the centrality of its role in a number of important research areas, including medicinal chemistry, total synthesis, and materials science, a general, selective, step-economical, and step-efficient synthesis of heterocycles is still needed. newlinePyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives have been synthesised by a one-pot multicomponent condensation of different aldehydes, dialdehydes, and ketones with malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate (or phenylhydrazine) in the presence of magnetic nano-[CoFe2O4] catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation. The catalyst can be retrieved using an external magnet and used repeatedly. A practical, scalable method for obtaining various pyranopyrazoles has been demonstrated. The extraordinary catalytic role of the various catalyst has been discovered in the processes, which reveals a possible character of enhancing reaction rates and stabilising the intermediates during the course of the reactions. -
Multi-Objective Optimization Approaches for Solar Photovoltaic Inverter Control and Energy Balance in A Smart Grid Environment
Placement of distributed generation in electrical distribution system is a critical newlineaspect of optimizing grid performance and ensuring effcient integration of renewable energy sources. Renewable based sources must be properly positioned and sized to avoid bidirectional power and#64258;ows, voltage/frequency and#64258;uctuations and performance degradation. Solar Photovoltaic Systems and Wind Turbines are potentially becoming the preferred renewable energy based, distribution generation sources. Precise control mechanisms like advanced inverter strategies and direct load control are crucial for regulating voltage, frequency and reactive power output, thereby optimizing grid operation and maximizing integration benefts from these sources. However, optimizing the allocation and operation of these systems in grid connected and islanded modes, particularly in radially confgured systems, requires addressing algorithmic challenges, problems related to nonlinear optimization, newlinevariable generations and load variations. To effectively allocate these systems in the newlineelectrical distribution system, advanced optimization techniques capable of newlinehandling multi-objective, nonlinear problems are needed. Similarly, optimizing the power factor of the distributed generation sources and optimizing the load factor in these systems demand adaptive algorithms that can manage nonlinear objectives and dynamic system conditions. In response to the above research questions, this study focuses on determining the optimal placement and sizing of the distributed generation sources in the electrical distribution system with the objective to minimize real power loss and improve voltage stability. Learning enthusiasm based teaching learning based optimization algorithm has been employed for location selection and sizing optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated on standard IEEE 33-bus and newline69-bus test systems, demonstrating decreased distribution losses and improved voltage stability. -
Nanomaterial - Based Electrochemical Sensor for Monitoring Potential Biomakers of Chronic Disorders
Detecting various biomarkers in the health industry and the biomedical sector has been newlinesignificant due to their crucial role in diagnosing, assessing, exposing, and treating disorders. This work reports electrochemical sensors for detecting biomarkers using different modifications (2D materials and nanomaterials) on carbon fiber paper electrode-based (CFPE) sensors. Adopting these modifications on the CFPE electrode greatly intensified the oxidation and reduction of peak current values. The physio-chemical characterizations of the designed electrodes were examined employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Electron Diffraction X-ray (EDX), X-Rayv Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman Spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) newlineassisted in optimizing the electrochemical properties via Nyquist plots, sensing performance, scan rate effect, and pH effect. Both electro-activity studies and Nyquist plots confirmed the enhancement in the electroanalytical performance of the fabricated electrodes. Real sample newlinestudies were successfully analyzed using developed electrodes, producing good recovery newlinepercentages. Overall, all the works conducted have been established to be facile and selective, with novelty in the fabrication of ultrasensitive voltammetric-based sensors to quantify different biomarkers.