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Biogenic synthesis of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity and statistical optimization of reaction parameters
A facile and efficient biogenic method was adopted to synthesize Bi2O3 and g-C3N4/Bi2O3 nanocomposites using Eichhornia crassipes plant extract. These composites were characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and UV-DRS. Bismuth oxide and g-C3N4/Bi2O3 show varied optical and photocatalytic properties due to the differences in their band gap. Here, Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used to optimize the coupled effect of independent parameters for the dye degradation. The synthesized g-C3N4/Bi2O3 nanocomposite exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of malachite green (MG) dye. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis unveiled 78% photomineralization of MG over g-C3N4/Bi2O3 in 5 h. The p-n junction of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 with better oxidative ability and effective charge separation is the primary reason for its improved photocatalytic activity. The modified photocatalyst shows satisfactory catalytic activity and reusability towards photodegradation of common water pollutant MG up to 4 cycles. They offer great potential in the field of photocatalysis due to their superior efficiency and applications in environmental remediation. 2019 Elsevier B.V. -
Biogenic synthesis of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity and statistical optimization of reaction parameters /
Applied Surface Science, Vol.494, pp.465-476, ISSN No: 0169-4332. -
Biogenic synthesis of Pd-nanoparticles using Areca Nut Husk Extract: a greener approach to access ?-keto imides and stilbenes
An eco-friendly green method for a one-step synthesis of palladium nanoparticles and their synthetic utility are reported. Phytochemicals like amines, alcohols, and phenols present in the Areca Nut Husk extract facilitate the reduction of Pd(ii) to Pd(0). The phytochemicals serve as stabilising agents and ligands for palladium reduction and the need for an external ligand is avoided. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy of newly synthesized palladium nanoparticles revealed a spherical morphology. The catalytic activity of the nanoparticles was tested for 1,2-difunctionalization of ynamides, Heck coupling, denitrogenative coupling of phenylhydrazine and C-H arylation of indole. Moreover, catalyst recyclability, control experiments, mechanistic elucidation, and gram-scale synthesis are elaborated. The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2021. -
Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by the Extract of Terminalia catappa Fruit Pericarp and Its Multifaceted Applications
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were biosynthesized by using the pericarp aqueous extract from Terminalia catappa Linn. These NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD studies of the nanoparticles reported mean size as 12.58 nm nanocrystals with highest purity. Further SEM analysis emphasized the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The functional groups responsible for capping and stabilizing the NPs were identified with FTIR studies. DLS studies of the synthesized NPs reported ? potential as ?10.1 mV and exhibited stable colloidal solution. These characterized ZnO-NPs were evaluated for various biological applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, genotoxic, biocompatibility, and larvicidal studies. To explore its multidimensional application in the field of medicine. NPs reported a potential antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 200 ?g/mL against bacterial strains in the decreasing order of Streptococcus pyogenes > Streptococcus aureus > Streptococcus typhi > Streptococcus aeruginosa and against the fungi Candida albicans. In vitro studies of RBC hemolysis with varying concentrations of NPs confirm their biocompatibility with IC50 value of 211.4 ?g/mL. The synthesized NPs DPPH free radical scavenging activity was examined to extend their antioxidant applications. The antiproliferation and genetic toxicity were studied with meristematic cells of Allium cepa reported with mitotic index (MI index) of 1.2% at the concentration of 1000 ?g/mL. NPs exhibited excellent Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with the highest mortality rate as 98% at 4 mg/L. Our findings elicit the therapeutic potentials of the synthesized zinc oxide NPs. 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society -
Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Coffea arabica Fruit Peel Extract for Electrochemical Detection and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene blue Dye
Methylene blue is an ecologically toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic dye. Due to extensive industrial use, a significant quantity of effluent containing methylene blue dye is released into a water source. It may cause toxicity to humans and aquatic fauna. Therefore, detecting and removing MB dye from the effluent is essential. For this goal, we synthesized dual application zinc oxide nanoparticles using coffee fruit (Coffea arabica) peel biomass as a reducing agent. SEM scans revealed spherical nanoparticles. The EDX spectral data indicated the existence of zinc and oxygen elements. The X-ray diffraction pattern exhibited crystallinity of ZnO. Under optimized conditions, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry, and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) study was studied for the detection of MB, an impressively low detection limit (LOD) of 0.01771 ?M was recorded, The photocatalytic efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated a significant 92.43% degradation of methylene blue under UV light. So, Coffea arabica biomass may play a vital role in synthesizing eco-friendly ZnO nanomaterials for environmental remediation applications. 2026 Elsevier B.V. -
Biogenic ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Garcinia gummi-gutta Leaves: Synthesis, Characterization and its Multifaceted Applications
The current study focused on the bioreduction synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Garcinia gummi-gutta leaf extracts. The UV-vis analysis of the nanoparticles has reported the formation of an SPR peak at 379 nm. The functional groups taking part in the reduction reaction were analyzed using the FTIR technique and the average crystalline size of ZnO nanoparticles were found to be 22.27 nm from XRD measurements. The SEM and TEM images revealed the hexagonal shape of the nanoparticles with an average size 72.78 nm and 71.91 nm, respectively. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were reported to be efficient degradation reactive textile dyes. The photodegradation results reported 92-100% degradation of the reactive dyes within 80-320 min. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles was investigated and the MIC of the nanoparticles was found to be 100 g/mL. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on the MCF and HEP-G2 cell lines. 2024 Asian Publication Corporation. All rights reserved. -
Biogenically forged ZnO nanoparticles using Salvia hispanica L. microgreens for their potential antimicrobial activity towards food-borne pathogens
Microgreens have been extensively researched because of their dense nutritional content and high concentration of health-promoting and therapeutic bioactive compounds. Simultaneously, green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a biogenic and sustainable approach for nanomaterial preparation using plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. In the current study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using phytochemically enriched extracts of chia (Salvia hispanica) microgreens. The synthesis of ZnO NPs was systematically optimized, and the resulting nanomaterials were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, DLS, and TEM to confirm their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties. The characterization results confirmed the successful formation of ZnO NPs with a crystalline size of 79.4 nm and a zeta potential of ?42.2 0.29 mV, indicating good stability and uniformity. To further explore the bioactivity, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the interactions between chia-derived phytochemicals and key receptors of food-borne pathogens Aeromonas caviae and Staphylococcus pasteuri isolated from chicken meat. Based on these insights, the antimicrobial activity of MG-ZnO NPs (Microgreen-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles) was evaluated. The nanoparticles exhibited notable antibacterial activity, with greater effectiveness against S. pasteuri. MIC values for S. pasteuri and A. caviae were found to be 62.5 ?g mL?1 and 250 ?g mL?1, respectively, while the corresponding MBC values were 125 ?g mL?1 and 500 ?g mL?1. The MBC/MIC ratios confirmed the bactericidal nature of MG-ZnO NPs against both strains. These findings highlight the potential of chia microgreen-derived ZnO nanoparticles as promising antimicrobial agents for combating foodborne pathogens. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Bioinformatics applications for evaluating health and pharmacological properties of tea: Use of computer-assisted drug discovery tools
Bioinformatics has emerged as a crucial tool in tea research, enabling the exploration of the genetic and molecular intricacies underlying tea cultivation, quality, and health benefits. By leveraging bioinformatics, researchers have extensively explored, inferred, and evaluated the pharmacological properties of tea. This groundbreaking approach has unveiled a myriad of possibilities for utilizing the bioactive compounds present in tea. Metabolomics studies have unraveled the intricate metabolic pathways within tea plants, providing insights into the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds. Bioinformatics in tea research opens new avenues for the tea industry, benefiting both producers and consumers worldwide. These advancements not only deepen our understanding of tea biology but also hold immense potential for sustainable tea production, the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, and the optimization of tea flavors and health benefits. This chapter explains the bioinformatic tools used to identify various therapeutic properties of tea biocompounds. 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies. -
Bioinformatics Research Challenges and Opportunities in Machine Learning
This research work has studied about the utilization of machine learning algorithms in bioinformatics. The primary purpose of studying this is to understand bioinformatics and different machine algorithms which are used to analyze the biological data present with us. This research study discusses about different machine learning approaches like supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement which play an essential role in understanding and analyzing biological data. Machine learning is helping us to solve a wide range of bioinformatics problems by describing a wide range of genomics sequences and analyzing vast amounts of genomic data. One of the biggest real-world problems is that machine learning is helping us to identify cancer with a given gene expression, which is done using a support vector machine. In addition, this study discusses about the classification of molecular data, which will help find out minor diseases. With the advancement of machine learning in healthcare and other related applications, data collection becomes a tedious process. This article also focuses on some of the research problems in machine learning domain. The uses of machine learning algorithms in bioinformatics have been extensively studied. These objectives will help to understand bioinformatics and different machine algorithms that are used to analyze the biological data. This research study presents different machine learning approaches like supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement, which play an important role in understanding and analyzing biological data. Machine learning helps to solve a wide range of bioinformatics related challenges by describing a wide range of genomics sequences and analyzing huge amounts of genomic data. One of the biggest real-time challenges is that the machine learning is helping to identify cancer with a given gene expression, and this is done by using a support vector machine. Finally, this research study has discussed about the classification of molecular data, which will be helpful in finding out minor diseases. 2022 IEEE. -
Bioinformatics Tools and Deep Learning for Plant High-Throughput Phenotyping and Phenomics
High-throughput phenotyping and phenomics are essential for advancing plant research and improving crop performance. The integration of bioinformatics tools and deep learning methodologies has transformed the way data is processed and analyzed in these fields. Bioinformatics tools facilitate the management and interpretation of large-scale genomic and phenotypic data, enabling researchers to extract valuable insights. Deep learning algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks, have shown significant promise in automating the analysis of complex plant images and enhancing trait identification and prediction. This synergy between bioinformatics and deep learning accelerates the identification of key traits, improves the precision of phenotypic assessments, and supports the development of more resilient and productive crops. This chapter highlights how these advanced technologies contribute to more effective and scalable plant phenotyping and phenomics efforts. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Jen-Tsung Chen; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Biological and Environmental Applications of Myco-synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
In the present investigation, TiO2NPs were myco-synthesized through the extracellular enzymes of endophytic fungi, Aspergillus versicolor FCPRS11 isolated from stem of Azadirachta indica. The synthesized TiO2NPs was characterized using UV- Vis, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, EDX, DLS and Zeta Potential. The synthesized TiO2NPs were analyzed for their antimicrobicidal properties against five clinical pathogens with two fungal pathogens and were exhibiting significant inhibition towards the bacteria at minimum concentration of 50g/ml of TiO2NPs. The free radical scavenging mechanism of the synthesized TiO2NPs was monitored through various assessment to understand about NPs antioxidant properties and the IC50 values were compared with the IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid (91g/ml). Further the NPs were analyzed for in vitro anti- inflammatory property exhibiting 73.87% inhibition and anti- diabetic properties (62.18% inhibition) proving that TiO2NPs evinced a promising biomedical activity. The larger surface area of the synthesized TiO2NPs as per the SEM analysis, allowed evaluation of their adsorption capacity on soil collected from metallurgical site containing combination of heavy metals and contaminants. The results of adsorption studies demonstrated that the adsorption increases with increase in time of exposure of TiO2NPs and adsorption capacity was determined by employing Langmuir model. The % dye degradation was evaluated by photocatalytic dye degradation studies where at 100mg/L of TiO2NPs, over 91% dye was found to be degraded within 240mins.These findings highlight the potential of myco-synthesized TiO?NPs as effective agents for biomedical applications and environmental nanoremediation. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Biological elimination of minerals from high ash coal by Aspergillus-like fungi
Efficiency of filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger on the bio-liquefaction of low rank Indian coals, its chemical composition, surface characteristics of the products and the microbial mechanisms of coal conversion were studied. Virgin and bio-liquefied/solubilized coal samples were characterized using FT-IR, Scanning electron microscopy and CHNS and proximate analysis. The micrographs were bright field and reveal several features correspond to the mineral grains comprising of aluminium, silicates and calcites. The absence of some morphological features corresponds to inorganic elements in residual samples which confirm demineralisation with the possible formation of respective Aluminum and Silicate complexes. The change in absorption of mineral matter functional group of these coal samples were studied using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FT-IR). From the proximate analysis it was found that the ash content decreased by 76% when treated with fungal culture. Global Science Publications. -
Biological extraction of chitin from fish scale waste using proteolytic bacteria Stenotrophomonas koreensis and its possible application as an active packaging material
Chitin being the second most abundant polymer found in nature has extensive application and versatile material properties including biocompatibility. Extraction of chitin from diverse sources are majorly done using chemical extraction methods using high concentration of alkali that makes the method non eco-friendly and economically non-viable. This calls for eco-friendly methods of chitin extraction from cost-effective substrates through green methods. This research work presents a simplified one-step biological extraction of chitin from fish scales by successive fermentation using Stenotrophomonas koreensis isolated from soil. The fermentative approach for chitin extraction from fish scales using S. koreensis enzyme activity is not reported elsewhere in the available literature to the best of our knowledge. Chitin yield of 28% (w/w) was obtained after the successive fermentation. The extracted polymer was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the possibility of converting extracted chitin into an active packaging material was explored by chemically, converting it to chitosan followed by analysis of its DPPH scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity varied from 67.025 to 80.2%, which corresponds to 0.25 to 2mg/mL of chitosan. The chitosan films fabricated were subjected to biodegradation studies using soil burial method. Biodegradation rate of chitosan films was observed to be 21.49 0.62% (w/w) after 50days of incubation. Thus, the present research work highlights an integrated waste valorization strategy through microbial fermentation for commercially important biopolymer production. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Biological Feature Selection and Classification Techniques for Intrusion Detection on BAT
Privacy is a significant problem in communications networks. As a factor, trustworthy knowledge sharing in computer networks is essential. Intrusion Detection Systems consist of security tools frequently used in communication networks to monitor, detect, and effectively respond to abnormal network activity. We integrate current technologies in this paper to develop an anomaly-based Intrusion Detection System. Machine Learning methods have progressively featured to enhance intelligent Anomaly Detection Systems capable of identifying new attacks. Thus, this evidence demonstrates a novel approach for intrusion detection introduced by training an artificial neural network with an optimized Bat algorithm. An essential task of an Intrusion Detection System is to maintain the highest quality and eliminate irrelevant characteristics from the attack. The recommended BAT algorithm is used to select the 41 best features to address this problem. Machine Learning based SVM classifier is used for identifying the False Detection Rate. The design is being verified using the KDD99 dataset benchmark. Our solution optimizes the standard SVM classifier. We attain optimal measures for abnormal behavior, including 97.2 %, the attack detection rate is 97.40 %, and a false-positive rate of 0.029 %. 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Biological treatment solutions using bioreactors for environmental contaminants from industrial waste water
Human needs have led to the development of various products which are produced in the industries. These industries in turn have become a source of various environmental concerns. As industries release regulated and unregulated contaminants into the water bodies, it has become a serious concern for all living organisms. Various emerging contaminates from industries like pesticides, pharmaceuticals drugs like hormones, antibiotics, dyes, etc., along with byproducts and new complexes contaminate the water bodies. Numerous traditional approaches have been utilized for the treatment of these pollutants; however, these technologies are not efficient in most cases as the contaminants are mixed with complex structures or as new substances. Advanced technologies such as bioreactor techniques, advanced oxidation processes, and so on have been used for the treatment of industrial wastewater and have served as an alternative way for wastewater treatment. Overall, biological treatment techniques based on bioreactors provide a long-term and ecologically useful solution to industrial wastewater contamination. They play an important role in saving water resources and encouraging a greener sustainable future for mankind. The current review outlines the industrial effluents that are released into water bodies, contaminating them, as well as the numerous traditional and novel treatment procedures used for industrial wastewater treatment. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2023, The Author(s). -
Biomarker study of the biological parameter and neurotransmitter levels in autistics
Autism is a prevalent developmental disorder that combines repetitive behaviours, social deficits and language abnormalities. The present study aims to assess the autistic subjects using DSM IV-TR criteria followed with the analysis of neurotransmitters, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and its ions in two groups of autistic subjects (group I < 12years; group II ? 12years). Antioxidants show a variation of 10% increase in controls compared to autistic age < 12years. The concentration of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase is elevated in controls approximately 60% and 45%, respectively, with the significance of 95 and 99%. Autistic subjects showed marked variation in levels of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and its related ions. Cumulative assessment of parameters related to biochemical markers and neurotransmitters paves the way for autism-based research, although these observations draw interest in an integrated approach for autism. 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Biomass Carbon Dots: Illuminating New Era in Antimicrobial Defense and Cancer Combat
The twenty-first century has witnessed remarkable advancements across diverse facets of human life, including significant progress in the medical field, economic growth, scientific breakthroughs, and technological advancements. Despite these strides that improved living standards, the persistent threat posed by pathogenic infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc., remains a critical concern. The enduring emergence of new variations of these infections continues to impact lives profoundly. Cancer is another looming spectre that continues to challenge human health security. Consequently, extensive research endeavours aim to develop swift, efficient, and innocuous methods for curing and preventing these infections. This paper explores a burgeoning field in physics, focusing on recent advancements in nanomaterials, particularly in developing carbon dots (CDs). Characterized by their size, which is less than 10nm, CDs have proven exceptionally beneficial in diagnosing and treating life-threatening health issues while preserving the viability of healthy cells. Their versatility is evident in various biomedical applications, serving as bioimaging probes, intracellular drug delivery agents, and agents for bactericidal and fungicidal, as well as in cancer treatment and diagnosis. The key attributes contributing to their efficacy include ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, fluorescence, low cytotoxicity, and catalytic properties. As an innovative nanomaterial, CDs showcase tremendous potential in advancing medical diagnostics and therapeutics, offering a glimpse into a future where these tiny entities play a pivotal role in ensuring human well-being. This review focuses on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancerous activities of the CDs derived from various precursors derived by biomass. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Biomass derived carbon quantum dots embedded PEDOT/CFP electrode for the electrochemical detection of phloroglucinol
Carbon nanocomposites have garnered a lot of attention among various nanomaterials due to their distinct characteristics, such as large surface area, biocompatibility, and concise synthetic routes. They are also a viable contender for electrochemical applications, notably sensing, due to their intriguing electrochemical features, which include large electroactive surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and high porosity and adsorption capability. Herein, an electrochemical sensor for phloroglucinol (PL) was designed using a CFP electrode modified with biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (S-CQD) doped on conducting organic polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via electrodeposition method. The obtained nanocomposite (S-CQD+PEDOT) on the CFP electrode possesses a high surface area. The higher electrocatalytic activity of S-CQD and significant conductivity of PEDOT- modified electrode enhance the electrocatalytic activity for the phloroglucinol oxidation. The oxidation peak current of PL shows a higher response on the finally modified electrode than the other electrodes. The developed electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of PL showed a good linear range of 36 -360 nM and a detection limit of 11 nM. The modified electrodes were characterized using Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, the developed method was successfully used to detect Phloroglucinol from industrial effluents with RSD (0.841.02%) and (98.5101.2%) of recovery. 2023 -
Biomass Derived Fluorescent Nanocarbon Sensor for Effective Sensing of Toxic Cadmium Metal Ions
Cadmium ion (Cd2+) is common in our surroundings and may readily bioaccumulate into the organism following passage through the respiratory and digestive systems. Chronic exposure to Cd2+ can lead to considerable bioaccumulation in an organism because of its longer biological high life (1030 years), which permanently harms the health of humans and animals. Considering this hazardous effect of toxic Cd2+ metal ions, there is a need to develop a toxic-free and simple sensor synthesized from easily available and biocompatible biomass or natural precursor. Herein we report the effective synthesis and development of a fluorescence sensor from Indigofera tinctoria (L.), a well-known medicinal plant via one step green, hydrothermal synthesis method. The remarkable fluorescence and larger stokes shift make it ideal for fluorescence sensing strategy. This sensor detects potentially toxic Cd2+ assisting fluorescence sensing strategy in the metal ion concentration range from 1 nM to 1 M. The SternVolmer plot exhibits a remarkable linear detection range exhibiting limit of detection (LOD) as 14.74 nM. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Modern human lifestyle incorporates the use of sensors to a great extent. Electrochemical sensors are the oldest and most commonly studied type of sensor with a wide commercial usage and numerous possibilities. Porous carbons are an important class of electrode materials and have a number of benefits compared to other materials in terms of sensor fabrications. Biomass pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization are important techniques to synthesize cost-effective, cheap, and more environmentally friendly porous carbon nanomaterials with higher electrocatalytic efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity and better detection limits. The surface area of hierarchical porous architecture along with the graphitic nature of bio-derived carbon materials greatly affects the performance of electrochemical sensors. Numerous techniques are performed to improve the surface properties such as activation, doping, etc., in order to enhance the electrocatalytic behavior of working electrodes. The carbon materials discussed here are promising candidates as an effective alternative to many commercial electrochemical sensors. 2022 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstra 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany. All rights reserved