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In-Depth Review of Microeconomic Analysis of Business Tourist Spending
Most prior research used tourist arrivals to examine international tourism demand. However, tourist arrival is not an accurate factor to determine international tourism demand as it does not show the actual spending pattern of tourists which includes goods and services purchased. Literature has proven that business tourists always spend more than leisure tourists; thus, tourist expenditure is an essential measure of international tourism demand. For the current research, we summarised 31 studies to review several variables that could affect tourism demand and expenditure. The current research concludes that microeconomic modelling should be the focus and given priority for studying tourism demand and the factors that affect business tourist expenditure. The Author(s) 2018. -
In-phase, out-of-phase, bottom-wall two-frequency boundary temperature modulations on the onset of Rayleigh-Bard convection
The onset of convection in a Newtonian liquid-containing system is investigated using a two-frequency boundary temperature. The consequences of three types of two-frequency boundary temperature modulations have been thoroughly investigated: (i) in-phase, (ii) out-of-phase, and(iii) bottom-wall. The combined effect of two frequencies with sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal wave types is also documented under these various types of boundary temperature modulations. To facilitate the study, the Venezian method is approvedand the critical Rayleigh number and its correction are calculated. The parameters resulting from the study's two frequencies of modulation are the mixing angle, (Formula presented.), the amplitudes, (Formula presented.), and the set of coprime integers, (Formula presented.). The system's thermodynamics determines the range of these parameters. The research discovered that out-of-phase two-frequency boundary temperature modulation is the most stable, while in-phase is the least stable. Besides that, any combination of wave type with square wave type yields the most excellent stability. Furthermore, the two-frequency boundary temperature modulation is more stable than the single-frequency and no-modulation cases. 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
In-plant production of bricks containing waste foundry sandA study with Belgaum foundry industry
The main objective of this study is to utilize waste foundry sand (WFS) from Belgaum foundry industry in manufacturing of bricks. The process involved production of bricks in a fully functioning brick manufacturing plant, which has a production capacity of approximately 50000 bricks per month. The entire process of combining clay-sand mixtures, forming of bricks, drying and firing was done with local conditions. With minimum process it was possible to introduce upto 50% WFS in clay bodies to produce bricks of desirable properties. The minimum average wet compression resistance of 3.3 Mpa, and maximum average water absorption of 21.6% was obtained for bricks containing 50% WFS, when fired at 900 C. There was insignificant difference in apparent porosity, water absorption, and specific gravity of bricks containing WFS, when compared to commercial bricks. The addition of WFS reduced the bulk density of the bricks, which has also caused reduction in compressive strength. WFS bricks can be classified as class III bricks, based on recommendations of IS 1077 standard specification. These bricks can be used in single storied load bearing structures, and also in the construction of infill walls in multi-storied framed structures. The structure, composition, and morphology of the raw materials, as well as bricks were studied by XRD, XPS, and SEM, respectively. 2018 The Authors -
In-silico analysis of the mechanism of action ofNerium oleanderbioactive compounds againstHelicoverpa armigera
Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, noted for its wide host range, high fecundity, and rapid development of resistance to synthetic insecticides. To address this threat, sustainable botanical alternatives are urgently needed. In this study, Nerium oleander, a toxic ornamental plant rich in secondary metabolites, was evaluated as a potential botanical insecticide through in silico assays. Methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening, confirming the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling identified 20 major compounds, including terpenoids, fatty acids, sterols, and phenolics, with 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (2.7 %), neophytadiene (1.7 %), and phytol (0.9 %) among the key constituents. Cytochrome P450, a central detoxification enzyme in insects, was chosen as the molecular target. Docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities, with phytol (?6.92 kcal/mol, Ki 8.12 ?M), neophytadiene (?6.43 kcal/mol, Ki 14.57 ?M), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (?5.87 kcal/mol, Ki 45.13 ?M) demonstrating significant inhibitory potential. These findings indicate that N. oleander metabolites may disrupt detoxification pathways in H. armigera, providing a mechanistic basis for their insecticidal action and supporting the plant's promise as a candidate for integrated pest management. 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. LtdThis is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ -
In-vitro antioxidant analysis of Aristolochia indica, Ipomoea obscura, Tylophora indica, Glinus oppositifolius and Abroma augustum from Bankura district, West Bengal
Five therapeutic plants that have been utilized traditionally across the Sonamukhi Block of Bankura District, West Bengal, were tested for antioxidant activity using three assays: ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP reduction power, and DPPH free radical scavenging. According to the DPPH assay, Glinus oppositifolius (68.4%) and Ipomoea obscura (23.83%) showed moderate radical-scavenging activity, whereas Aristolochia indica (73.07%), Abroma augustum (52.87%), and Tylophora indica (25%) demonstrated the highest levels. While Glinus oppositifolius (0.685) and Ipomoea obscura (0.401) showed moderate activity in the FRAP assay, Abroma augustum (0.459), Tylophora indica (0.637), and Aristolochia indica (0.545) demonstrated significant reducing power. According to the ABTS assay, Aristolochia indica (90.37%) and Glinus oppositifolius (98.7%) had the highest levels of radical scavenging activity. These findings support the traditional medical usage of these plants, especially Glinus oppositifolius and Aristolochia indica, which showed the most antioxidant qualities. The results highlight the importance of these plants in traditional medicine, shed light on their therapeutic potential, and lay the groundwork for further research on natural antioxidant treatments. Authors CC4-NC-ND, ScienceIN. -
In-Vitro Investigation of the ?-Amylase Inhibition Activity of Bare Bis-Benzylidene-Cyclohexanone Synthesized by a Highly Selective Solvent-Free Route
Current work reports the highly selective, solvent-free synthesis of an endorsed bioactive compound, Bis benzylidine cyclohexanone (BBC) through solid acid catalysed cross aldol condensation route and checks its in-vitro bio activity. The catalytic support (Multiwalled carbon nanotube) employed was synthesized through the highly sophisticated catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and simple mechanical grinding strategy was adopted to decorate sulfonic acid on the support. The C1s X-ray photoelectron peak of at 290.3 eV confirms the effective interaction of sulfonic acid with MWCNT. The sharp and intense desorption peaks observed at approximately 528.7 C and 655.15 C in the TPD analysis unmistakably substantiate the strong acidity of the synthesized system. The alpha amylase inhibition activity of the synthesized compound was calculated to be around 88.5 %, which is in par with the commercial drug as it could inhibit only 96 %. Further, the in-silico (Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation) investigations unveiled a new target site for the compound and this can further be studied in detail to advance the applications in drug design. Detailed scrutiny of various parameters was conducted to validate the bioactivity and pharmaceutical potential of the synthesized compound. 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Inclined magnetic field and nanoparticle aggregation effects on thermal Marangoni convection in nanoliquid: A sensitivity analysis
The heat transfer rate of thermal Marangoni convection in ethylene glycol-based titanium nanoliquid is analyzed by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Two different heat sources (i.e. the temperature-related heat source (THS) and the space-related exponential heat source (ESHS)) are included in the thermal analysis. Aggregation of nanoparticles and inclined magnetism are also considered. The modified Krieger-Dougherty model and the modified Maxwell-Bruggeman model are used to analyze the aggregation aspect of the nanoparticles. The resulting nonlinear system is treated numerically by using the finite difference method. The sensitivity of the heat transfer rate to the thermal radiation parameter, the ESHS parameter, and the THS parameter is examined by using the RSM model. The individual impact of the actual parameters on various flow fields is compared and visualized by graphs. The heat transfer rate is positively sensitive to thermal radiation and negatively sensitive to the parameters of the heat source. Besides, the ESHS aspect has a greater impact on the heat transfer rate than the THS aspect. The velocity flow field is decelerated significantly (5.31%near the interface) by the magnetic field inclination angle. 2020 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan) -
Including category information as supplements in latent semantic analysis of Hindi documents
Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a mathematical model that is used to capture the semantic structure of documents by using the correlations between the textual elements in them. LSA captures the semantic structure very well being independent of external sources of semantics. However, the model's performance increases when it is supplemented with extra information. The work presented in this paper is to modify the model to analyse word correlations in documents by considering the document category information as supplements in the process. This enhancement is called supplemented latent semantic analysis (SLSA). SLSA's performance is empirically evaluated in a document classification application by comparing the accuracies of classification against plain LSA for various term weighting schemes. An increment of 1.14%, 1.30% and 1.63% is observed in the classification accuracies when SLSA is compared with plain LSA for tf, idf and tfidf respectively in the initial term-bydocument matrix. Copyright 2017 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Inclusion in Healthcare Economics: Ensuring Affordability and Accessibility for All Social Groups
Healthcare systems across the globe continue to struggle with persistent inequities in affordability and accessibility, disproportionately affecting marginalized and socioeconomically vulnerable populations. As nations pursue large- scale health reforms, the integration of physical and digital (phygital) healthcare ecosystems presents both transformative opportunities and new ethical challenges. This chapter examines inclusion in healthcare economics through the lenses of affordability, accessibility, and social justice, situating these concerns within contemporary national health reform agendas. Drawing on economic theory, public health policy, and leadership studies, the chapter explores how phygital health models can reduce structural barriers while also risking new forms of exclusion if inequities in digital access, literacy, and governance persist. The chapter contributes a multidimensional framework that integrates economics, marketing, and leadership to advance inclusive, equitable, and sustainable healthcare systems. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Inclusion of Sexual Health Education for the Wellbeing and Dignity of Secondary School Children: An Indian Rural Perspective
The study investigates students perspectives on incorporating sexual health education into the curriculum of secondary schools in rural Bangalore. Focused on assessing how such education impacts students physical and psychological well-being, confidence, and ability to make informed decisions, the research collected data from 981 students across 6th to 10th grades. A structured questionnaire, measured on a five-point Likert scale, explored students perceptions of sexual health education and its outcomes. After a meticulous data cleaning process, which included outlier removal, the study utilized a final sample of 900 students. IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS 25 facilitated the statistical analysis. The findings underscore the significant positive effect of sexual health education on students confidence levels. It highlights how this form of education aids in maintaining personal hygiene and fosters balanced decision-making skills among students. The studys results advocate for the implementation of sexual health education in schools, emphasizing its role in enhancing student wellbeing and confidence. Additionally, it contributes to defining the scope and framework of a sexual health education curriculum from the students perspective in rural Bangalore schools, aligning educational objectives with the actual needs and perceptions of the student body. 2023 Indian Institute of Health Management Research. -
Inclusive business approaches in tourism: Stakeholder engagement
The link between inclusivity and sustainability transcends economic considerations, extending into various dimensions such as gender equality, accessibility, cultural sensitivity, and community engagement. These dimensions underline that inclusivity is central to how tourism interacts with societies and ecosystems. This understanding prompts stakeholders to broaden their perspectives and integrate diverse viewpoints to create a more balanced and resilient industry. A central theme running through the chapters is the essential role of inclusivity in achieving a sustainable tourism sector. As the industry evolves, so do the expectations of travelers and communities. This heightened awareness and connectivity era demands that tourism entities proactively adapt strategies to foster inclusivity. Whether by creating accessible infrastructure, respecting local cultures, or integrating fairness into business models, inclusivity emerges as a foundation for lasting sustainability. The chapters compiled in this book offer a comprehensive exploration of inclusive tourism and sustainable development. In the context of the evolving global tourism landscape, these chapters illuminate various facets that shape the industry's present and future trajectories. These chapters reveal common themes and key insights, highlighting the importance of proactive measures, collaboration, and innovation to establish a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable tourism sector. A prominent revelation throughout these chapters is the interconnectedness of inclusivity and sustainability in tourism. It becomes increasingly evident that sustainable tourism cannot be achieved without an inclusive framework that embraces diverse communities, stakeholders, and perspectives. The chapters illustrate how sustainability efforts lacking inclusivity can lead to inequality and overlook crucial factors shaping destinations' social and environmental aspects. 2024 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Inclusive business models in tourism: A comprehensive analysis through the business model canvas
Tourism has become a cornerstone of global economic growth and cultural exchange, generating opportunities and challenges for various stakeholders. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on inclusive business practices within the tourism sector, aiming to create value not only for shareholders but also for local communities, marginalized groups, and the environment. This book chapter explores integrating inclusive principles into tourism business models and developing an Inclusive Business Model Canvas. The chapter begins by introducing the concept of inclusive business in the context of tourism and its significance in fostering sustainable development and social progress. It highlights the changing landscape of tourism, characterized by increased awareness of responsible travel, ethical considerations, and the need for equitable distribution of benefits. Subsequently, the chapter delves into the Business Model Canvas, a versatile tool for visualizing, analyzing, and designing business models. Each component of the canvas-Key Partnerships, Key Activities, Key Resources, Value Propositions, Customer Segments, Channels, Customer Relationships, Revenue Streams, and Cost Structure-is examined through the lens of inclusivity. This chapter comprehensively analyses how the Business Model Canvas can be employed as a strategic tool to guide the integration of inclusive practices into tourism businesses. It contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable and responsible tourism, shedding light on innovative approaches that create value for businesses and communities. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to inclusive business in tourism, highlighting the interconnectedness of the canvas components and the importance of aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It also outlines future research directions and provides recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in fostering inclusive and sustainable tourism practices. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Inclusive innovation in tourism sector: Gap analysis through impact assessment
The travel and tourism industry is a major catalyst for global economic growth. Inclusivity and equity are indeed significant challenges faced by the service sector. The present study attempts to analyze the attributes of achieving true inclusivity and equity. This requires addressing systemic barriers and biases that can perpetuate unequal opportunities and outcomes towards building a pro-active tourism community. The chapter identifies the inequities already in place as well as untapped prospects for inclusive innovation in the tourism industry by performing an extensive gap analysis and impact assessment. A comprehensive and multi-faceted approach in practicing inclusiveness in the tourism sector demands an innovative pedagogy and unconventional business practices. The chapter highlights the bigger picture of inclusive innovation in tourism, which clarifies how business, society, and technology interact. A smart tourism approach with an integrated technological effort and socially-driven innovation builds the competency of the destinations. The study aims to assess the existing level of inclusion in tourism innovation, which determines significant representational and access gaps while assessing the potential economic and cultural effects of introducing more inclusive practices. As we navigate complex global challenges, from social inequality to environmental sustainability, inclusive innovation offers a path forward. The implications indicated in this chapter benefits the stakeholders with socially driven inclusive innovation. Towards inclusive innovation, equity takes center stage. An inclusive setting ensures collaboration and co-creation and integrating people from diverse backgrounds, including entrepreneurs, researchers, policymakers, and community members. Socially engaged stakeholders are aligned with inclusive innovation with insights and experiences, resulting in high relevance and sustainable orientation, thereby fostering growth and development. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Inclusive Interfaces: Enhancing Voice Assistants for Diverse Speech Abilities
The main goal of this research is to highlight the considerable challenges that people suffering from dysarthria have to face while using Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technologies and virtual assistants. Current voice-controlled technologies struggle to understand disordered speech, which reveals a significant gap in research about how to adapt these technologies to speech changes caused by health conditions. We propose to explore non-verbal voice signals as a quieter potential solution. The work uses a systematic literature review and comparative analysis across various scenarios to point out the weaknesses of ASR in terms of accuracy and security. The research proves that non-verbal input always provides greater performance in accuracy, reliability, and convenience. This analysis lays the groundwork for designing more accessible technologies. Designed for researchers and developers, this research is an avenue for future work where future efforts address the empirical evaluation of a specialized non-verbal system to support user autonomy. 2025 IEEE. -
INCLUSIVE LAW SCHOOL CLINICS: Institutionalizing Effective and Accountable Justice for All
Poor people are often denied access to the courts due to expensive legal fees. Preventing free access to justice violates a fundamental constitutional principle and universal international norms. The recognition of access to justice and the rule of law as outcomes and facilitators of sustainable development is a unique feature of the 2030 Agenda. This study shows that providing affordable and timely access to justice institutions and legal aid services will help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 16 targets of peace, justice, and strong institutions. Indian law school clinics have a unique opportunity to achieve the goal through institutionalized clinical legal education. The Advocates Act of 1961 requires an amendment to allow law students and faculty to represent pro bono clients. The study infers that completely institutionalizing the law school legal aid clinics as part of clinical legal education is a powerful platform to promote equal access to justice to all. 2021, Dharma Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Inclusive Pedagogy in Computer Science Education: A Critical Pedagogical Framework for Computational Access
Computer science (CS) inclusive teaching provides an opportunity for everyone to learn in a way that is fair and accessible. Through the traditional approaches, neurodiverse and disadvantaged learners are often cut off due to the strictness of the instruction and the surrounding limitations on support. UDL (Universal Design for Learning) and CRP (Culturally Responsive Pedagogy) are the two major strategies for inclusive teaching that facilitate flexible, engaging, and relevant learning. UDL allows you to choose different ways to learn and to express your understanding, and CRP connects the content with the students' cultural backgrounds. Gallaudet University and AccessCSforAll are some of the initiatives that have been proving that learners are more engaged when using assistive tools and through the application of adaptive methods. Supported by educating CS for all, U.N. SDG 4, inclusivity in computer sciences education not only narrows the digital gap but also opens up the door for every student to thrive in a diverse and tech-savvy world. Copyright 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
InclusiVision: Exploring Deep Learning Techniques for Enhanced Audio Description Generation
The rise of technology has facilitated access to entertainment media in various formats like audio, images, videos, and memes. This diverse multimedia landscape, however, poses challenges for visually impaired individuals who primarily rely on auditory means and cannot consume the visual content freely available today. InclusiVision addresses this challenge by introducing audio descriptions (AD) generated through advanced technology for images and short videos. These narrated verbal descriptions provide details about visual elements such as people, objects, colors, and settings, making the content more accessible and comprehensible for the visually impaired. To enhance accessibility, InclusiVision offers two essential phases: the Image Description phase, which generates short audio descriptions for images, and the Video Description phase, which employs algorithms to narrate key visual aspects in short videos. Both the image and video captioning generate short captions explaining key points of the visuals. It employs basic encoder-decoder modeling to help achieve the task. Hence, the primary objective of InclusiVision is to promote accessibility and inclusivity in entertainment and educational media by providing contextually relevant audio descriptions. 2026, Bentham Books imprint. -
Income Inequality in Globalization Context: Evidence from Global Data
This paper empirically investigates the relative effectiveness of economic globalization, trade openness, and financial openness on income inequality in low-, middle-, and high-income countries for the panel data over the period from 1991 to 2020 by endogenizing economic growth, urbanization, agriculture, industry, and service sectors value-added as % of GDP as control variables in income inequality function. The results emanating from the panel pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag (PMG-ARDL) test provide evidence of a significant long-run relationship among the variables. Interestingly, economic globalization reduces income inequality for high- and middle-income countries and increases it in low-income countries. On the other hand, trade openness reduces income inequality in high- and middle-income countries but increases it for low-income countries. In contrast, financial openness lessens income inequality in low-income countries but increases it for middle- and high-income countries. We find that urbanization increases income inequality in low-, middle- and high-income countries. We also find that economic growth decreases (increases) income inequality in high (middle and low)-income countries. Moreover, it is found that industrial and service sectors output decrease (increases) income inequality in high (middle and low)-income countries, whereas agricultural output improves (deteriorates) income distribution in middle- and low- (high) income countries. In light of these findings, we suggest that the governments of low-income countries need to focus more on improving the level of globalization and trade openness to improve their economic conditions in long run. Both high- and middle-income countries should also improve their financial openness so that effective utilization of overseas finance will flourish their overall economy. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023. -
Incorporating the metaverse into the green banking revolution: Spearheading the implementation of eco-friendly financial practices
This study aims to explore the awareness and perceptions of green banking among bankers and customers in rural and semi-urban areas of India. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather information from 807 customers and 200 officials of selected commercial banks, utilizing the snowball sampling method. The study utilized chi-square and factor analysis techniques. The chi-square test results revealed an association between educational status and the customer's opinion regarding green banks. Factor analysis derived three key factors influencing the adoption of green banking: convenience and environmental sustainability, financial and technological advantages, and customer retention and prestige. The findings indicate that green banking services provide more benefits to its customers than traditional banking. 2024, IGI Global.