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Bioconversion of Feather Composts using Proteolytic Bacillus mycoides for their Possible Application as Biofertilizer in Agriculture
Proteolytic Bacillus strains were screened for highest protease production amongst which Bacillus mycoides (G2) was chosen as an assuring protease producer. Enzyme activity was maximum at 37C, pH-7, when the medium was supplemented with 0.5 and 0.75% of sucrose and beef extract respectively. Tapioca flour and soybean meal were capable of replacing commercial carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Feather degradation studies revealed 62% of degradation with Quail feather (QF), followed by Chicken feather (CF) (58%), Guinea fowl feather (51%) and Pigeon feather (43%). Biodegradation of feather samples in soil evidenced degradation of Quail feather and Chicken feather at the following patternQF Treatment 1 (5%) ? CF Treatment 1 (5%) ? QF Treatment 2 (10%) ? CF Treatment 2 (10%). Maximum degradation of QF and sufficient release of free amino acids into the feather compost was obvious with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) analyses respectively. In vitro plant growth studies of tomato and chilly plants were accomplished with feather composts. Maximum growth of 26.44cm (shoot length) was achieved when feather compost prepared with degraded QF (5%) was utilized as plant growth substrate, than other treatment pots (P < 0.05). Plant growth was exemplary in the case of tomato when compared to that of chilly. Sound degradation of QF, followed by CF using Bacillus mycoides could strengthen the efficacy of microbial fermentation processes. This significant attempt could support poultry farms as well as organic agricultural sectors ecologically. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. -
Biodegradable blend film derived from polycaprolactone an guar gum blend for packaging application /
Patent Number: 202141012114, Applicant: Sudhakar Y N. -
Biodegradable blend film derived from polycaprolactone an guar gum blend for packaging application /
Patent Number: 202141012114, Applicant: Sudhakar Y N. -
Biodegradable Organic Polymers for Environmental Protection and Remediation
As the era of urbanization and industrialization progressed, non-biodegradable polymers became a severe threat to the environment and the world's rapidly growing population. These synthetic polymers possess flexible applications and cost effectiveness which makes their usage more feasible and convenient. Today they are used from simple packaging to critical biomedical tools. Although these polymers possess many merits, all come to halt when it comes to biodegradability. The inherent mechanisms in nature are unable to degrade and decompose these synthetic polymers leading to their accumulation and persistence in nature for decades causing calamitous effects. In search of solutions for the adverse effects caused by synthetic polymers, the world turned toward biologically synthesized biodegradable organic polymers. These biopolymers have a diverse set of physical and chemical characteristics that can be easily manipulated, allowing for a wide range of applications. Biopolymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates and levan have adaptable qualities that resemble those of synthetic plastics which makes them a promising alternative to synthetic plastics. However, the setback in the large-scale usage of biopolymers is their high cost of production and commercialization. The biopolymers are broadly classified into three major classes based on their origin: plant-based biopolymers (cellulose, starch), animal-based biopolymers (chitin, chitosan, keratin), and microbial biopolymers (polyhydroxyalkanoates, levan). The extraction or synthesis of these biopolymers from their biological sources varies significantly from each other; however, in order to bring out the sustainable production, these polymers should be produced by coupling with waste valorization approaches. The waste materials from plants and animals, particularly agro-industrial wastes, can be used as inexpensive substrates for the commercial manufacture of these crucial biopolymers, thereby reducing the accumulation in the environment. Another field of biopolymer usage is in remediation of pollutants. Many biopolymers are currently being used in the active removal of heavy metal, dye, and other similar pollutants. The numerous physical, chemical, and biological processes for extraction or synthesis of industrially valuable biopolymers from the waste raw materials are discussed in this chapter, along with their application in remediation of pollutants and environmental protection. 2025 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstra 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany. All rights reserved. -
Biodegradation of polypropylene films by Bacillus paralicheniformis and Lysinibacillus fusiformis isolated from municipality solid waste contaminated soil
The fossil fuel or petroleum derived plastics are applied in our routine life because of their easy availability. Distribution and contamination of the plastics in the landfills are the major reasons for these biodegradation study. This current study reveals the biodegradation of polypropylene films and the growth of Bacillus paralicheniformis and Lysinibacillus fusiformis isolated from plastic contaminated soil collected from municipality solid waste management site. The degradation rate of PP films was confirmed by the results of biodegradation analysis. The growth of Bacillus paralicheniformis and Lysinibacillus fusiformis had shown OD values at 600nm after the degradation period of 4 weeks increasing from 0.131 to 0.334 and 0.148 to 0.213 respectively. The viable cell count increased from 804cells/ml to 1204cells/ml and 10.104cells/ml to 15.204cells/ml respectively. The physical and chemical changes of PP films were confirmed by FT-IR and XRD analysis. These analysis confirmed that the bacterial strains have the ability to change the chemical and physical nature of PP films and can utilize the PP films as sole carbon source. 2021 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Biodegradation studies of polyhydroxyalkanoates extracted from Bacillus subtilis NCDC 0671
The major characteristic feature that distinguishes polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from its synthetic counterparts is its biodegradability. PHAs are the only class of biopolymers reported to be 100% degradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions without production of any toxic residues. The biodegradability of PHAs is influenced by several factors like moisture, temperature, pH, surface area and molecular weight of the polymer. The rate of biodegradation varies greatly depending on the environment. Biodegradation studies were carried out using plating method and direct inoculation method using selected Bacillus strains. Fungal degradation of PHA sheets was assessed using Penicillium chrysogenum. Biodegradation of PHA sheets in different soil types like river valley, agricultural land and garden soil was investigated. The degree of PHA degradation in aqueous environment was studied by incubating the sheets in distilled water, sea water, fish tank water and pond water. The highest degradation rate was observed with agriculture land soil (35.47 0.13%) and fish tank soil (36.93 0.13%). The non-toxic nature of the soil incubated with PHA sheets was ensured using plant growth test. 2019, World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
Biodegradation studies of polyhydroxyalkanoates extracted from bacillus subtilis NCDC 0671 /
Research Journal of Chemistry And Environment, Vol.23, Issue 6, pp.107-114 -
Biodiversity and Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge of North-East India: Navigating Climate Change Impacts on Medicinal Plants for Conservation and Advancement
The northeastern region of India holds the sixth position among the world's 25 biodiversity hotspots, covering approximately 8% of the nation's total land area, which amounts to 262, 060 square kilometres. Situated in the eastern Himalayas, any alterations in this biodiversity-rich area can have significant and far-reaching consequences. Indigenous tribes of this region believe in the remarkable healing properties of certain medicinal plants, and within its diverse population of around 225 communities, each tribal and sub -tribal group possesses distinct traditional knowledge. Capturing and harnessing this indigenous wisdom by scientists and researchers could unlock new avenues for progress, particularly within the pharmaceutical sector. Climate change stands as one of the paramount global environmental challenges. Predictions indicate that by the close of the 21st century, the Earth's average temperature might rise by anywhere between 0.3 to 4.8 C, accompanied by a potential sea level increase of 26 to 82 cm. These climate shifts could have adverse effects on the abundance and accessibility of medicinal plants, potentially leading to species extinction. Moreover, the impact of climate change could extend beyond availability to also encompass alterations in the pharmacological properties of various plants, particularly those found in alpine environments. This discussion underscores the importance of existing knowledge, critical analyses, challenges, opportunities, and the immense value of medicinal plants. It emphasizes the intersection of changing climate and the vulnerability of medicinal plant resources, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of these effects in the context of the North Eastern region of India. To address these challenges, there is a pressing need for in-depth research on the geographical distribution of plant communities and strategies to enhance the secondary synthesis of critically endangered medicinal plants under the current climate change scenarios. The Author(s). -
Bioengineering of biowaste to recover bioproducts and bioenergy: A circular economy approach towards sustainable zero-waste environment
The inevitable need for waste valorisation and management has revolutionized the way in which the waste is visualised as a potential biorefinery for various product development rather than offensive trash. Biowaste has emerged as a potential feedstock to produce several value-added products. Bioenergy generation is one of the potential applications originating from the valorisation of biowaste. Bioenergy production requires analysis and optimization of various parameters such as biowaste composition and conversion potential to develop innovative and sustainable technologies for most effective utilization of biowaste with enhanced bioenergy production. In this context, feedstocks, such as food, agriculture, beverage, and municipal solid waste act as promising resources to produce renewable energy. Similarly, the concept of microbial fuel cells employing biowaste has clearly gained research focus in the past few decades. Despite of these potential benefits, the area of bioenergy generation still is in infancy and requires more interdisciplinary research to be sustainable alternatives. This review is aimed at analysing the bioconversion potential of biowaste to renewable energy. The possibility of valorising underutilized biowaste substrates is elaborately presented. In addition, the application and efficiency of microbial fuel cells in utilizing biowaste are described in detail taking into consideration of its great scope. Furthermore, the review addresses the significance bioreactor development for energy production along with major challenges and future prospects in bioenergy production. Based on this review it can be concluded that bioenergy production utilizing biowaste can clearly open new avenues in the field of waste valorisation and energy research. Systematic and strategic developments considering the techno economic feasibilities of this excellent energy generation process will make them a true sustainable alternative for conventional energy sources. 2023 Elsevier Ltd -
Biofuel production and characterization from waste chicken skin and pig fat
The biofuels are the most important alternative energy sources in future to fulfil the energy demands. The team of our students carried out an innovative process to convert waste to value-added products. The students have been visited many meat stalls and gathered the required amount of resources with and without cost. The collected waste chicken skin and pig tallow is heated and extracted fat, which is the primary sources to produce the biofuel. The fat extraction process was carried by shredding down the waste chicken skin and pig tallow. The obtained fat was filtered and heated up to 110C to remove all the impurities, water suspensions, blood cells and pieces of bones. The process called transesterification process was carried out to convert obtained fat into biofuel with methyl alcohol and KOH as a catalyst. Transesterification process carted with fat before acid wash and after acid wash to examine the effect of FFA on biofuel yield. The quantity of biofuel yield has been observed to be 62 to 68% for fat from waste chicken skin and 82 to 83 % for fat from pig tallow. The derived fuel from fat from both resources is combined with conventional diesel fuel to check the different properties on a volume basis varied by 10% up to 40%. The essential properties such as viscosity, density, flashpoint, fire point and calorific values were determined, and results show that the fuel combination CB20 and PB20 meets the all requirements of ASTM standards to fix as an additive fuel to CI engines. The clear biofuel from both the fat expressed higher viscosity, density, flash and fire point with a lesser value of energy density. BEIESP. -
Biofuel production and characterization from waste chicken skin and pig fat /
International Journal of Recent Technology And Engineering, Vol.8, Issue 3, pp.3598-3603, ISSN No: 2277-3878. -
Biofuels from bio-waste and biomass
The planet's limited natural fossil fuel reserves are anticipated to be very soon owing to massive usage. Biofuels would be a critical alternative source that may reduce global warming and CO2 emissions. The food-versus-fuel dilemma is, however, one of the key drawbacks of first-generation biofuels like corn ethanol, sugarcane ethanol, etc. Cellulose and hemicellulose, the primary constituents of lignocellulosic feedstocks, could be reduced to sugars by either thermochemical/biological processes before being fermented to generate biofuels. However, owing to structural heterogeneity, more complicated operational techniques are required before the production technology can be commercialized, and several challenges must be addressed. This chapter provided an assessment of various feedstocks, availability, various processing techniques, obstacles, and current technical developments in the generation of biofuels from biomass. 2023, IGI Global. -
Biogenesis and Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and Their Pharmacological Applications
Nanomaterial innovation is the primary catalyst of advancement in nanotechnology. Although there are many known chemical processes for creating nanoparticles that use harmful substances, it is now more important than ever to use processes that are safer, greener, and more environmentally friendly. The goal of research in this field is to use diverse life forms as "nanoparticle factories." Phytochemicals can convert salt into the appropriate nanoparticles thanks to their regular biosynthetic routes. In recent years, green chemistry methods for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles have emerged as a fresh and exciting area of study. Metal nanoparticles, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd) along with certain oxides, can be synthesized using a variety of chemical and physical techniques as well as biological techniques carried out using plants. It has been discovered that methods involving plant-mediated synthesis are a more efficient and cost-effective way to create these metal nanoparticles. The plant-mediated nanoparticles are used as potential pharmaceutical agents for many diseases, including hepatitis, cancer, malaria, and HIV. Due to the higher efficacy and fewer side effects of nanodrugs compared to other commercial cancer drugs, the synthesis of nanoparticles targeting biological pathways has gained tremendous popularity. This review paper aims to cover the different green methods for the biogenesis of these nanoparticles, the different compounds and salts used, and the metals obtained. Ultimately, the significance and prospects of these metal nanoparticles especially in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, drug designing, and drug delivery engineering will also be commented on. The Author(s). -
Biogenic synthesis of dopamine/carboxymethyl cellulose/TiO2 nanoparticles using Psidium guajavaleaf extract with enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities
The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered considerable attention from researchers due to its utilization of eco-friendly solvents during synthesis and cost-effective approaches. This study focuses on the synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) and dopamine (DA) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-doped TiO2 (DA/CMC/TiO2) NP using Psidium guajava leaf extract, while also investigating the structural, optical, and morphological and biocidal potential of the prepared NPs. Significantly larger zones of inhibition were observed for DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs compared to TiO2 against various pathogens. Moreover, the MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the anticancer activity of the prepared samples against MG-63 cells, and the results revealed that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited significantly higher level of anticancer activity compared to TiO2. The experimental results demonstrated that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner when compared to TiO2 NPs. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Biogenic synthesis of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity and statistical optimization of reaction parameters
A facile and efficient biogenic method was adopted to synthesize Bi2O3 and g-C3N4/Bi2O3 nanocomposites using Eichhornia crassipes plant extract. These composites were characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and UV-DRS. Bismuth oxide and g-C3N4/Bi2O3 show varied optical and photocatalytic properties due to the differences in their band gap. Here, Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been used to optimize the coupled effect of independent parameters for the dye degradation. The synthesized g-C3N4/Bi2O3 nanocomposite exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of malachite green (MG) dye. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis unveiled 78% photomineralization of MG over g-C3N4/Bi2O3 in 5 h. The p-n junction of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 with better oxidative ability and effective charge separation is the primary reason for its improved photocatalytic activity. The modified photocatalyst shows satisfactory catalytic activity and reusability towards photodegradation of common water pollutant MG up to 4 cycles. They offer great potential in the field of photocatalysis due to their superior efficiency and applications in environmental remediation. 2019 Elsevier B.V. -
Biogenic synthesis of g-C3N4/Bi2O3 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic activity and statistical optimization of reaction parameters /
Applied Surface Science, Vol.494, pp.465-476, ISSN No: 0169-4332. -
Biogenic synthesis of Pd-nanoparticles using Areca Nut Husk Extract: a greener approach to access ?-keto imides and stilbenes
An eco-friendly green method for a one-step synthesis of palladium nanoparticles and their synthetic utility are reported. Phytochemicals like amines, alcohols, and phenols present in the Areca Nut Husk extract facilitate the reduction of Pd(ii) to Pd(0). The phytochemicals serve as stabilising agents and ligands for palladium reduction and the need for an external ligand is avoided. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy of newly synthesized palladium nanoparticles revealed a spherical morphology. The catalytic activity of the nanoparticles was tested for 1,2-difunctionalization of ynamides, Heck coupling, denitrogenative coupling of phenylhydrazine and C-H arylation of indole. Moreover, catalyst recyclability, control experiments, mechanistic elucidation, and gram-scale synthesis are elaborated. The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2021. -
Biogenic Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by the Extract of Terminalia catappa Fruit Pericarp and Its Multifaceted Applications
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were biosynthesized by using the pericarp aqueous extract from Terminalia catappa Linn. These NPs were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and XRD studies of the nanoparticles reported mean size as 12.58 nm nanocrystals with highest purity. Further SEM analysis emphasized the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape. The functional groups responsible for capping and stabilizing the NPs were identified with FTIR studies. DLS studies of the synthesized NPs reported ? potential as ?10.1 mV and exhibited stable colloidal solution. These characterized ZnO-NPs were evaluated for various biological applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, genotoxic, biocompatibility, and larvicidal studies. To explore its multidimensional application in the field of medicine. NPs reported a potential antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 200 ?g/mL against bacterial strains in the decreasing order of Streptococcus pyogenes > Streptococcus aureus > Streptococcus typhi > Streptococcus aeruginosa and against the fungi Candida albicans. In vitro studies of RBC hemolysis with varying concentrations of NPs confirm their biocompatibility with IC50 value of 211.4 ?g/mL. The synthesized NPs DPPH free radical scavenging activity was examined to extend their antioxidant applications. The antiproliferation and genetic toxicity were studied with meristematic cells of Allium cepa reported with mitotic index (MI index) of 1.2% at the concentration of 1000 ?g/mL. NPs exhibited excellent Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae with the highest mortality rate as 98% at 4 mg/L. Our findings elicit the therapeutic potentials of the synthesized zinc oxide NPs. 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society -
Biogenic ZnO Nanoparticles Derived from Garcinia gummi-gutta Leaves: Synthesis, Characterization and its Multifaceted Applications
The current study focused on the bioreduction synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Garcinia gummi-gutta leaf extracts. The UV-vis analysis of the nanoparticles has reported the formation of an SPR peak at 379 nm. The functional groups taking part in the reduction reaction were analyzed using the FTIR technique and the average crystalline size of ZnO nanoparticles were found to be 22.27 nm from XRD measurements. The SEM and TEM images revealed the hexagonal shape of the nanoparticles with an average size 72.78 nm and 71.91 nm, respectively. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were reported to be efficient degradation reactive textile dyes. The photodegradation results reported 92-100% degradation of the reactive dyes within 80-320 min. The antibacterial efficacy of the nanoparticles was investigated and the MIC of the nanoparticles was found to be 100 g/mL. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on the MCF and HEP-G2 cell lines. 2024 Asian Publication Corporation. All rights reserved. -
Bioinformatics applications for evaluating health and pharmacological properties of tea: Use of computer-assisted drug discovery tools
Bioinformatics has emerged as a crucial tool in tea research, enabling the exploration of the genetic and molecular intricacies underlying tea cultivation, quality, and health benefits. By leveraging bioinformatics, researchers have extensively explored, inferred, and evaluated the pharmacological properties of tea. This groundbreaking approach has unveiled a myriad of possibilities for utilizing the bioactive compounds present in tea. Metabolomics studies have unraveled the intricate metabolic pathways within tea plants, providing insights into the synthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds. Bioinformatics in tea research opens new avenues for the tea industry, benefiting both producers and consumers worldwide. These advancements not only deepen our understanding of tea biology but also hold immense potential for sustainable tea production, the discovery of novel bioactive compounds, and the optimization of tea flavors and health benefits. This chapter explains the bioinformatic tools used to identify various therapeutic properties of tea biocompounds. 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved including those for text and data mining AI training and similar technologies.