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Biomarker study of the biological parameter and neurotransmitter levels in autistics
Autism is a prevalent developmental disorder that combines repetitive behaviours, social deficits and language abnormalities. The present study aims to assess the autistic subjects using DSM IV-TR criteria followed with the analysis of neurotransmitters, biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and its ions in two groups of autistic subjects (group I < 12years; group II ? 12years). Antioxidants show a variation of 10% increase in controls compared to autistic age < 12years. The concentration of pyruvate kinase and hexokinase is elevated in controls approximately 60% and 45%, respectively, with the significance of 95 and 99%. Autistic subjects showed marked variation in levels of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and its related ions. Cumulative assessment of parameters related to biochemical markers and neurotransmitters paves the way for autism-based research, although these observations draw interest in an integrated approach for autism. 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Biomarkers of Autistic Study : Biochemical, Genomics, Epigenetics and Cytogenetic Signatures
Autism is a complex disorder characterized by social issues, impaired communication, newlineand repetitive behavior. The prevalence of autism has increased significantly over the past two decades, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 150 children in 2000. Cytogenetic investigations are essential for confirming clinical diagnoses, as the disorder has high phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity. A study aims to confirm behavioral phenotypes of autistic subjects newlinein South India using DSM IV and ATEC open questionnaires. The study found that metabolic factors, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and oxidative ions, play crucial roles in the progression of symptoms. The study also revealed the roles of two major causative genes (NRXN1 and CNTNAP2) in a spectrum of genotypes imparting severity and heterogeneity. -
Biomass Carbon Dots: Illuminating New Era in Antimicrobial Defense and Cancer Combat
The twenty-first century has witnessed remarkable advancements across diverse facets of human life, including significant progress in the medical field, economic growth, scientific breakthroughs, and technological advancements. Despite these strides that improved living standards, the persistent threat posed by pathogenic infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc., remains a critical concern. The enduring emergence of new variations of these infections continues to impact lives profoundly. Cancer is another looming spectre that continues to challenge human health security. Consequently, extensive research endeavours aim to develop swift, efficient, and innocuous methods for curing and preventing these infections. This paper explores a burgeoning field in physics, focusing on recent advancements in nanomaterials, particularly in developing carbon dots (CDs). Characterized by their size, which is less than 10nm, CDs have proven exceptionally beneficial in diagnosing and treating life-threatening health issues while preserving the viability of healthy cells. Their versatility is evident in various biomedical applications, serving as bioimaging probes, intracellular drug delivery agents, and agents for bactericidal and fungicidal, as well as in cancer treatment and diagnosis. The key attributes contributing to their efficacy include ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, fluorescence, low cytotoxicity, and catalytic properties. As an innovative nanomaterial, CDs showcase tremendous potential in advancing medical diagnostics and therapeutics, offering a glimpse into a future where these tiny entities play a pivotal role in ensuring human well-being. This review focuses on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancerous activities of the CDs derived from various precursors derived by biomass. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Biomass derived carbon quantum dots embedded PEDOT/CFP electrode for the electrochemical detection of phloroglucinol
Carbon nanocomposites have garnered a lot of attention among various nanomaterials due to their distinct characteristics, such as large surface area, biocompatibility, and concise synthetic routes. They are also a viable contender for electrochemical applications, notably sensing, due to their intriguing electrochemical features, which include large electroactive surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and high porosity and adsorption capability. Herein, an electrochemical sensor for phloroglucinol (PL) was designed using a CFP electrode modified with biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (S-CQD) doped on conducting organic polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) via electrodeposition method. The obtained nanocomposite (S-CQD+PEDOT) on the CFP electrode possesses a high surface area. The higher electrocatalytic activity of S-CQD and significant conductivity of PEDOT- modified electrode enhance the electrocatalytic activity for the phloroglucinol oxidation. The oxidation peak current of PL shows a higher response on the finally modified electrode than the other electrodes. The developed electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of PL showed a good linear range of 36 -360 nM and a detection limit of 11 nM. The modified electrodes were characterized using Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS). Finally, the developed method was successfully used to detect Phloroglucinol from industrial effluents with RSD (0.841.02%) and (98.5101.2%) of recovery. 2023 -
Biomass Derived Fluorescent Nanocarbon Sensor for Effective Sensing of Toxic Cadmium Metal Ions
Cadmium ion (Cd2+) is common in our surroundings and may readily bioaccumulate into the organism following passage through the respiratory and digestive systems. Chronic exposure to Cd2+ can lead to considerable bioaccumulation in an organism because of its longer biological high life (1030 years), which permanently harms the health of humans and animals. Considering this hazardous effect of toxic Cd2+ metal ions, there is a need to develop a toxic-free and simple sensor synthesized from easily available and biocompatible biomass or natural precursor. Herein we report the effective synthesis and development of a fluorescence sensor from Indigofera tinctoria (L.), a well-known medicinal plant via one step green, hydrothermal synthesis method. The remarkable fluorescence and larger stokes shift make it ideal for fluorescence sensing strategy. This sensor detects potentially toxic Cd2+ assisting fluorescence sensing strategy in the metal ion concentration range from 1 nM to 1 M. The SternVolmer plot exhibits a remarkable linear detection range exhibiting limit of detection (LOD) as 14.74 nM. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
Modern human lifestyle incorporates the use of sensors to a great extent. Electrochemical sensors are the oldest and most commonly studied type of sensor with a wide commercial usage and numerous possibilities. Porous carbons are an important class of electrode materials and have a number of benefits compared to other materials in terms of sensor fabrications. Biomass pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization are important techniques to synthesize cost-effective, cheap, and more environmentally friendly porous carbon nanomaterials with higher electrocatalytic efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity and better detection limits. The surface area of hierarchical porous architecture along with the graphitic nature of bio-derived carbon materials greatly affects the performance of electrochemical sensors. Numerous techniques are performed to improve the surface properties such as activation, doping, etc., in order to enhance the electrocatalytic behavior of working electrodes. The carbon materials discussed here are promising candidates as an effective alternative to many commercial electrochemical sensors. 2022 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstra 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany. All rights reserved -
Biomass-Based Functional Carbon Nanostructures for Supercapacitors
For the creation of next-generation biocompatible energy technologies, it is urgently necessary to examine environmentally acceptable, low-cost electrode materials with high adsorption, rapid ion/electron transit, and programmable surface chemistry. Because of their wide availability, environmentally friendly nature, and affordability, carbon electrode materials made from biomass have received a lot of interest lately. The biological structures they naturally possess are regular and accurate, and they can be used as templates to create electrode materials with precise geometries. The current study is primarily concerned with recent developments in research pertaining to biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for supercapacitor applications, including plant, fruit, vegetable, and microorganism-based carbon electrode materials. Also provided is a summary of alternative synthesis methods for the conversion and activation of biomass waste. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Step towards Sustainable Future
Biomass-derived carbons are emerging materials with a wide range of catalytic properties, such as large surface area and porosity, which make them ideal candidates to be used as heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic supports. Their unique physical and chemical properties, such as their tunable surface, chemical inertness, and hydrophobicity, along with being environmentally friendly and cost effective, give them an edge over other catalysts. The biomass-derived carbon materials are compatible with a wide range of reactions including organic transformations, electrocatalytic reactions, and photocatalytic reactions. This review discusses the uses of materials produced from biomass in the realm of heterogeneous catalysis, highlighting the different types of carbon materials derived from biomass that are potential catalysts, and the importance and unique properties of heterogeneous catalysts with different preparation methods are summarized. Furthermore, this review article presents the relevant work carried out in recent years where unique biomass-derived materials are used as heterogeneous catalysts and their contribution to the field of catalysis. The challenges and potential prospects of heterogeneous catalysis are also discussed. 2022 by the authors. -
Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials: Synthesis and photocatalytic applications
[No abstract available] -
Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials: Synthesis and photocatalytic applications /
Novel Applications of Carbon Based Nano-materials, 1st ed., pp.412-429, eBook ISBN : 9781003183549. -
Biomedical Mammography Image Classification Using Patches-Based Feature Engineering with Deep Learning and Ensemble Classifier
In order to reduce the expense of radiologists, deep learning algorithms have recently been used in the mammograms screening field. Deep learning-based methods, like a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), are now being used to categorize breast lumps. When it involves classifying mammogram imagery, CNN-based systems clearly outperform machine learning-based systems, but they do have certain disadvantages as well. Additional challenges include a dearth of knowledge on feature engineering and the impossibility of feature analysis for the existing patches of pictures, which are challenging to distinguish in low-contrast mammograms. Inaccurate patch assessments, higher calculation costs, inaccurate patch examinations, and non-recovered patched intensity variation are all results of mammogram image patches. This led to evidence that a CNN-based technique for identifying breast masses had poor classification accuracy. Deep Learning-Based Featured Reconstruction is a novel breast mass classification technique that boosts precision on low-contrast pictures (DFN). This system uses random forest boosting techniques together with CNN architectures like VGG 16 and Resnet 50 to characterize breast masses. Using two publicly accessible datasets of mammographic images, the suggested DFN approach is also contrasted with modern classification methods. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024. -
Biomedical Waste Management: Legal and Regulatory Framework and Remedial Strategies
The present chapter begins with conceptual analysis of legal and regulatory framework from Indian as well as international perspectives. Follow through comparative analysis of Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal, 1992; Convention on the Import into Africa and the Control of Trans-Boundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, Bamako, 1998; Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Stockholm 2004; with Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 and (Amendment 2018) of India. The chapter also presents the legal and regulatory frameworks from the perspective of the United Kingdom, Indonesia, Kenya, and Sri Lanka as case studies. The chapter focuses on addressing SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), SDG 15 (Life on Land), SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), and SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). 2025 Moharana Choudhury, Ankur Rajpal, Srijan Goswami, Arghya Chakravorty and Vimala Raghavan. -
Biometrically activated self defense devixe for women safety /
Patent Number: 201941043621, Applicant: Dr. Debabrata Samanta.
The present invention is related to biometrically activated self-defense device for women safety. The wearable personal self-defense and altering device, comprises a biometric unit, and portable source of electrical energy, an electric discharge unit and a processing unit configured to connect a mobile computing device. The device discharge high voltage against the person attack or try to attack to user and sends the navigation location & alert message to the associated mobile computing device on the instruction of the user. -
Biomimicry : An approach to sustainable architecture and design /
International Journal of Life Sciences Research, Vol.7, Issue 1, pp.318-323, ISSN No: 2348-3148. -
Bionanomaterials in Environmental Protection
The advent of globalization with ongoing anthropogenic actions has increased the rate of contaminants worsening aquatic, soil, and air systems, with increasing concern throughout the world. The several problems posed by these pollutants have endangered the environment as well as humans, leading to the application tasks of various conventional methods options to remove the pollutants. However, these technologies are costlier, of long duration, increasing energy consumption and also leading to toxins production. Nanotechnology, a newer method, has created a significant role in solving specific qualitative and quantitative, environmental issues of treating air, water, and soil by detection and removal of pollutants. Nanoparticles (NP) are low-cost, less energy consuming, eco-friendly and have higher efficiency rates. Nanosorbent, nanofiltration, nanocatalytic, and nanosensors methods have been used for the treatment of waste waters, air, and pollutant detection. There are different physical and chemical treatment options that have been employed for the synthesis of NPs, such as microwave heating and ultrasound methods. However recent decades have emphasized the green synthesis involving plant extracts and microbial sources due to their sustainability. Green synthesized NPs have gained immense interest due to their simplicity and relatively high reproducibility. In view of their capabilities, bionanomaterials can be used for eliminating pollutants and toxins, helping to maintain and spread a greener and cleaner environment. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shakeel Ahmed; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Bionanomaterials in Food Applications and their Risk Assessment
Nanotechnology has increased impressively during the last decade for their diverse potential uses in food, environment, medical, sustainable energy and so forth. Nanomaterial synthesis by chemical methods has unintended properties on the ecological pollution and also effect on human welfare. To overcome these challenges green synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) has been used from plants and animals. The green synthesized NPs include gold (Au NPs), copper (Cu NPs), silver (AgNPs), iron and its oxides (Fe NPs). Abundant microbes and plants are used for the synthesizing NPs that are eco-friendly, cost effective and potentially safe. Further, these can be constructed using agri-food waste sources such as agricultural crops, fruits and vegetables, cereals, oil cakes, alcoholic beverages, and so forth, for synthesizing sustainable NPs, reducing environmental issues. These green synthesized metallic NPs needs to be further characterized for the synthesis, factors affecting the parameters and their potential applications in various fields with major challenges that needs to be researched such as toxicity and translational research. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shakeel Ahmed; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Bionanomaterials in Improving Food Quality and Safety
Current inventions in the area of nanotechnology opened several transformations in scientific and industrial sectors. One such rapidly developing technology gets a lot of application in the food industrys changing the culture of food cultivation to its several branches, like production, processing, packaging, preservation, detection of foodborne pathogens, transportation, shelf life and bioavailability of its valuable nutrients. Far smaller in size and in surface area is strongly related to its stability in terms of chemical and biological activities. Hence, food nanotechnology empowers advancement in several novel bio-nanomaterials with an extensive choice towards potential applications. Nanotechnology benefits the food industry in several ways: to extend and predictable for the growth due to recent and swiftly developing technology influences the characteristic of the food products, which should not get exposed to human and microbial activities. Therefore, implication of bio-nanomaterials in food-related industries pose a significant contribution for economy and also a key community concern. The involvement of nanotechnology throughout the life cycle of food processing, storage, transportation, safety, and potential benefits to mankind are also briefly reviewed in this chapter. Acceptance of nano-based ingredients by the public in various phases of the food business and their associated safety and regulatory measures pertaining to food items can be improved by many methods of nanotechnology. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shakeel Ahmed; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Bionanoparticles Impact on Human Health, an In Vitro and In Vivo Status
In the hunt for a safe replacement for hazardous conventional nanoparticles that are applied in biomedicine field, bionanoparticles are known to be the ideal choice. The term bionanoparticles refers to nanoparticles made using biomolecules or that use a biomolecule to enclose or immobilize a more conventional nanomaterial. For the creation of bionanoparticles, biomolecules are taken from bacteria, plants, agricultural wastes, insects, marine life, and some mammals. Bionanoparticles, possess unique qualities with lot of potential that make them applicable in different field such as, pharmacy, aerospace engineering, biosensors, material sciences and so on. These bionanoparticles have improved biocompatibility, bioavailability, and bioreactivity and display minimal or insignificant toxic effects in humans, animals, and at the environment level. Nanoparticles can be introduced into the body either by biomedical procedures as a part of treatment, diagnosis, or the application of cosmetics. The mode of entry is usually via intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular and peritoneal injections. Unintentional entry of nanoparticles is a result of environmental pollution or accidental release. The effect of bionanoparticles on human health received much importance as they are biologically synthesized and biocompatible. The goal of this chapter is to review human exposure to bionanoparticles with an emphasis on the effects on human cells and animal models. 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shakeel Ahmed; individual chapters, the contributors. -
Bioparametric Investigation of Mutant Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2414 Extracellular Laccase Production under Solid State Fermentation
This work has been undertaken to investigate the bio parameters such as various substrates, initial moisture level, inoculum size, pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, metal ions and nitrogen sources effect on the production of laccase in solid-state fermentation using mutant Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2414. The laccase production was observed with a sesame oil cake (183.32 0.29 U/g), initial moisture level 80% (189.28 0.52 U/ g), inoculum size 1.5% (196.12 0.26 U/g), initial pH 8 (215.20 0.48 U/g), incubation temperature 37C (225.80 0.52 U/g), incubation period 48h (258.80 0.29 U/g), CuSO4 (263.16 0.12 U/g) and yeast extract (268.14 0.16 U/g) in the production medium. 2018, Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy. All rights reserved. -
Biopolymers as promising vehicles for drug delivery to the brain
The brain is a privileged organ, tightly guarded by a network of endothelial cells, pericytes, and glial cells called the blood brain barrier. This barrier facilitates tight regulation of the transport of molecules, ions, and cells from the blood to the brain. While this feature ensures protection to the brain, it also presents a challenge for drug delivery for brain diseases. It is, therefore, crucial to identify molecules and/or vehicles that carry drugs, cross the blood brain barrier, and reach targets within the central nervous system. Biopolymers are large polymeric molecules obtained from biological sources. In comparison with synthetic polymers, biopolymers are structurally more complex and their 3D architecture makes them biologically active. Researchers are therefore investigating biopolymers as safe and efficient carriers of brain-targeted therapeutic agents. In this article, we bring together various approaches toward achieving this objective with a note on the prospects for biopolymer-based neurotherapeutic/neurorestorative/neuroprotective interventions. Finally, as a representative paradigm, we discuss the potential use of nanocarrier biopolymers in targeting protein aggregation diseases. 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.