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Starting from the roots of teacher education: Inclusion of educational neuroscience in teacher training in India
Educational neuroscience has warranted much research and showed much promise in recent times. However, there is a lack of effective bridging between research in this field and its implementation in actual classroom settings. In order to bridge this gap, a key strategy is to include educational neuroscience in teacher training and education. The current study uses a survey method to assess student-teachers' awareness, opinions, and openness toward educational neuroscience concepts and techniques. This study examines a snowball sample of 83 Indian student-teachers who joined the Bachelor of Education program in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The results of this study indicate that although most student-teachers are aware of certain techniques, they are unaware that it is part of educational neuroscience. Further, the student-teachers also showed interest in learning such techniques and considered it relevant and useful in classroom teaching. Finally, this study also highlights the role of decision-makers in including educational neuroscience in the B.Ed. program, possibly as an optional paper. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Transformative pedagogy integrating bloom's taxonomy, David Kolb's experiential learning and neuro-systemic dynamics in learning
An application of Kolb's experiential learning theory (ELT) in real situations as a blend of Bloom's taxonomy of education is given as a case study conducted about more than 15 years ago. The world has changed since then with revolutionary developments in the techno-world. Student portfolio is regarded as the documentary evidence created by the student to diagnose the student's strengths and weaknesses to assist him or her in learning. In light of this case study and developments in technology, further scope in the application of the ELT model is discussed. It is also recognised that technology to facilitate experiential learning using virtual reality or augmented reality tools is to be made more user-friendly in terms of affordability and that neuroplasticity has an important role to play in this. A case for more research in neuroscience to analyse learning styles is raised. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Importance of brain-based learning in effective teaching process
Neuroscience plays an important role to inform about brain functioning and corresponding behaviors. While scientists have continuously studied about brain in its entirety, several other fields in science, arts, and humanities are drawing applications from these neuroscientific studies. Similarly, in terms of education too, there are several applications. Once such is brain-based learning. This is to learn and teach with an understanding about brain's capability and functioning to increase one's learning potential. In order to do so, effective teaching is required. This particular chapter thus focuses on different teaching strategies which adopt brain-based learning and are evidence-based. The chapter initially informs about neuroscience and cognitive science interaction and its impact on effective teaching-learning process. After which evidence-based teaching strategies in classrooms, their importance via evidence-based studies, and techniques to incorporate them in classroom settings are explained. Finally, the chapter concludes with challenges and benefits. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Crux role of neurocomputing in teaching learning pedagogy
The advent of brain-based learning in the early 1990s has limelighted the syndication between the educational learning process and neurosciences. Through educational learning ability, an individual can gather and assimilate anecdotes or come up with new notions with logical conclusions to form an organizational memory. Supreme level of knowledge assimilation ability results in developing new crucial knowledge for strategic renewal for the betterment of the learning process. Earlier efforts to link neuroscience and learning mode were controversial. However, continuous researches imply the significant role of neurosciences in the field of education and its deep-rooted involvement in building reformed educational pedagogy related to curriculum and general teaching-learning practices. Educational neurosciences help in interpreting brain-behaviour intricacy to provide latest teaching-learning strategies. Education is the most robust cognitive skill developer, and it must be provided to all irrespective of age and gender as it makes the person flexible and provides strength to cope with the adversities. Through this report, we would like to covey the deep association between the teaching-learning process with neurological sciences along with providing measures to be taken for holistic development in the educational setups. Learning is a by-product of human behaviour towards the external environment. Recent advanced tools of neuroimaging aid in more in-depth insight linked to adaptive neural mechanics, knowledge attainment, new skill acquisition and building neuroscience network for human learning. The neuroscience research shows intricacy between emotions and cognition as mediators between mind and body that are then followed by the social behaviour and learning, by indulging in subjective interpretations of person's goals, feelings, actions and experiences, ultimately resulting in learning new theories through neurobiological shreds of evidence. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Brain-based learning method: Opportunities and challenges
The chapter examines the concept of brain-based learning to bridge the gap between neuropsychology and education while understanding the best way to use our brain for meaningful learning. It suggests learning as a developmental process that enhances in a challenging but less threatening environment. Brain plasticity suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus in a conducive environment helps in better recall and retrieval, as the repeated exposure allows the formation of new neural connections and strengthening the old ones while engaging in the task. As the application of brain-based learning moves away from the traditional style of learning, it focuses on a more holistic understanding of the process of learning. The chapter talks about applying a brain-based learning model to enhance learning in a stimulating surrounding to explore and stimulate various sense organs and further enhance neural connections. It discusses strategies to incorporate to allow engagement of sensory organs and problem-solve to enhance learning. Another perspective suggests attaching emotion to a situation which leads to forming a meaningful association in our brain. Depending on the strength of this connection, it becomes easier to recall and retrieve the memory. When compared to the traditional style of teaching, brain-based learning has shown to better academic accomplishment. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Blockchain security for artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support tool
For a healthcare organization, it is very difficult to satisfy the growing challenges and cost and provide good quality care. But nowadays clinical decision support system becomes an essential tool for a healthcare organization to help healthcare experts enhance the treatment process and advance healthcare services. Clinical decision support system supports collaborative treatment to enhance medical services. In a collaborative treatment service, the patient's health records are shared by different healthcare experts. All the patient health data are maintained by an electronic health records system. Electronic health records have very sensitive and patient's private information so sharing electronic health records is a very challenging task. Some downsides of collaborative treatment are privacy and lack of confidence among contributors like a patient, doctors, radiologist, hospitals, and insurance organization. Blockchain which is known as distributed ledger technology and has a secured architecture framework can be used to enhance the healthcare organization. Blockchain with artificial intelligence has a great potential in helping healthcare traders tackle major healthcare issues and challenges. In this chapter, we discussed how artificial intelligence and blockchain as a powerful pair can transform the healthcare sector. We also discussed the model, challenges, and application in clinical decision support tools. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Toward sustainability 4.0: A comprehensive analysis of sustainability in corporate environment
Sustainability is one of the key requirements for any business, and continuously changing business requirements and the environment are the main drivers of sustainable business practices. However, there exist gaps in recognizing and aligning these sustainable practices with everyday operational activities. This study's aim is to explore the current awareness level in business leaders and stakeholders about corporate responsibility toward sustainability and reflects on the obstacles encountered by them in diverse built environments, laying the groundwork for addressing these hurdles and contributing toward the overall sustainable development. The study has two major findings: the analysis revealed that there is a paradigm shift in the understanding of sustainability; in contrast to earlier publications, newer publications focus on technological advancements such as the use of "Green Building Information Management" and "Green Internet of Things" illustrating the real-time implications of sustainable practices. Further analysis found a knowledge gap that exists among business leaders in understanding the concept of sustainable development. This, in essence, poses a burden for corporate leaders to keep up with ongoing technological developments. The study concludes that to achieve sustainable growth, leadership in the corporate environment needs a 360-degree view of sustainability, allowing them to assign equal value to the environment, social, and economic pillars of sustainability to address the current issues leveraging from the state-of-the-art technological innovations. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) for solar cell applications
There is an eminent global energy crisis and photovoltaics as one of the primary renewable energy sources is playing an important part in offsetting the dependency on fossil fuels. Current solar cells technology is dominated by silicon, and researchers are trying to replace it with organic and nanocrystalline semiconducting materials. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, GCN) has gained interest as a visible light driven photocatalyst with a unique 2D structure, excellent chemical stability and tunable electronic structure along with attractive optoelectronic properties. Pure GCN suffers from low surface area and rapid recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs resulting in low photovoltaic and photocatalytic activity and hence modification by doping with other atoms is required. Photocatalytic applications of GCN based nanomaterials for water splitting, hydrogen production, CO2 reduction and pollutant degradation has been extensively investigated and systematically reviewed. However, their applications as energy storage has been explored recently and there is a lack of comprehensive review that systematically summarizes the application of GCN and GCN-based heterostructures for solar cell applications. Heterojunctions with superior light absorption and appropriate conduction band and valence band alignment is a promising approach for the applications in efficient environmental remediation and solar energy storage. This critical review summarizes the synthesis and advances of GCN nanocomposites modified with semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO), bismuth titanate, strontium titanate and rare earth metals for solar cell applications. GCN-based heterostructures with perovskite and polymer based materials are also presented. The characteristics and transfer mechanism within the various heterojunctions is also reviewed and presented. The review ends with a summary and some perspectives on the challenges and new directions in exploring GCN-based advanced nanomaterials particularly towards photovoltaics and energy storage applications. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Effect of audiovisual aids and blended teaching on english performance and self-confidence of IX standard students in government schools of Manipur
For a productive teaching-learning process, proper planning and direction is required since the process in itself is the key to a person's progress and development. Accordingly, resources which aid in the teaching and learning process should be selected judiciously and in harmony with the concept in question. Audiovisual aids are sensory objects and images which stimulate and emphasize the learning process. The use of visual aid in teaching has the potential to increase "human bandwidth": the capacity to absorb, to comprehend, and to effectively synthesize the information into new knowledge. Blended teaching is a kind of e-learning which utilizes a scope of instruments and instructive guides to make a learning environment interactive synchronously or asynchronously and improves the learning procedure by offering projects and courses electronically by means of various mixed media specialized devices. The result indicates that there is an impact of the use of audiovisual aids and blended teaching in English performance and self-confidence of the students. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Energy-efficient smart cities with green internet of things
With governments of different countries having a vision of smart cities, the technology adoption and implementation are at its peak and the current increase in the usage of advanced technology for a smart city has led to an increase in the carbon imprint across the globe, which needs immediate attention for the environment sustainability. Although the Internet of things (IoT)-enabled devices have changed our world by bringing an ease to our lifestyle, it has to be kept under consideration that they also have adverse effects on the environment. Over the past few years, enabling energy conservation via Internet of Things in the growth of smart cities has received a great deal of attention from researchers and industry experts and has paved the way for an emerging field called the green IoT. There are different dimensions of IoT, in which an effective energy consumption is needed to encourage a sustainable environment. This conceptual paper focuses on the key concept of green IoT and sustainability, knowledge of Smart cities' readiness to Green IoT (G-IoT)-enabled sustainable practices, and identifying the Green IoT sustainability practices for smart cities. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Integration of technology initiatives with educational neuroscience and its impact on technology readiness to technology adoption by HSS Teachers, Kerala
The technology-enabled education process remoulded the modern education systems. The facelift of education 4.0 process harmonized the education systems with industrial demands and technology advancements. The education reforms of the State of Kerala with the tools of technology and neuroscience could achieve remarkable milestones in the education sector. This case study analyses the digital initiatives of KITE and its role on providing uninterrupted-effective education during the Covid-19 pandemic in Kerala. This study is affirmed with quantitative study on how these integrated technology initiatives impact on Technology Adoption of the HSS teachers with respect to their Technology Readiness. Responses of 857 teachers from six education districts of Kerala were used for this study. This study is relevant as it could connect the pre-Covid digital initiatives which could successfully empower the teachers to face the Covid-19 pandemic situation without interrupting the education process amidst the Covid-19 restrictions in Kerala. The study identified that the technology learning initiatives with tools of educational neurosciences have partially mediated teachers' Technology Readiness to Technology Adoption. The multiple learning initiatives integrated with the tools of technology and educational neuroscience could fully support the virtual learning throughout the State of Kerala during the Covid-19 pandemic situations. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
IoT and wearables for detection of COVID-19 diagnosis using fusion-based feature extraction with multikernel extreme learning machine
Presently, wearables act as a vital part of healthcare sector and they are able to offer exclusive perceptions about the person's health conditions. In contrast to traditional diagnosis in a hospital environment, wearables can give unrestricted access to real-time physiological data. COVID-19 epidemic is increasing at a faster rate with limited test kits. Hence, it becomes essential to develop a novel COVID-19 diagnostic model. Numerous studies were based on the utilization of artificial intelligence techniques on radiological images to precisely identify the disease. This chapter presents an efficient fusion-based feature extraction with multikernel extreme learning machine (FFE-MKELM) for COVID-19 diagnosis using internet of things (IoT) and wearables. Primarily, the wearables and IoT are used to capture the radiological images of the patient. The presented FFE-MKELM model incorporates Gaussian filtering based preprocessing for removing the noise that exists in the radiological image. Besides, directional local extreme patterns with deep features based on Inception v4 model are applied for the FFE process. In addition, MKELM model is utilized as a classification model to determine the appropriate class label of the input radiological images. Moreover, monarch butterfly optimization algorithm is applied to fine tune the parameters involved in the MKELM model. Experimental validation of the FFE-MKELM model is performed against benchmark dataset and the outcomes are inspected under different measures. The resultant simulation outcome ensured the betterment of the FFE-MKELM method by demonstrating an increased sensitivity of 97.34%, specificity of 97.26%, accuracy of 97.14%, and F-measure of 97.01%. 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
State of local governance and urban development problems: A study of Bengaluru
[No abstract available] -
Offline Character Recognition of Handwritten MODI Script Using Wavelet Transform and Decision Tree Classifier
MODI script is derived from the N?gari family of scripts, and it was used for writing Marathi until twentieth century. Though currently not used as an official script, it has historical importance, as a large volume of manuscripts are preserved at various libraries across India. With the use of an appropriate recognition system, the handwritten documents can be transferred into digital media, so that it can be conveniently viewed, edited, or transliterated to other scripts. The research on MODI script is still in the initial stages, and there is a considerable demand for more research in this field. An implementation of wavelet transform-based feature extraction for MODI scripts character recognition is discussed in this paper. The experiment is performed using Daubechies, Haar, and Symlet wavelets, and performance comparison between these different mother wavelets is carried out. Decision tree classifier is used for the classification process, and the results indicate that the feature extraction using Daubechies wavelet yielded better character recognition result. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Fundamental Study on Electric Vehicle Model for Longitudinal Control
Stricter emission norms need to drift toward being environment friendly have shifted the concentration in the automobile sector toward electric vehicles. This research article highlights the fundamental modeling steps required for an electric vehicle control system design following a simulation approach using MATLAB/Simulink software. From an electric vehicle design perspective, this approach offers an excellent solution to give insights into EV research involving multidisciplinary engineering aspects. The study presents longitudinal control technique, relevant observations and results to bring out the differences in open-loop and closed-loop case studies. It also intends to provide better understanding toward the need for a feedback, realization of an expected path profile for students and researchers in this field of interest. The steps involved in transforming the mathematical model into a simulation model and analysis of the simulation results are detailed in this article. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Trends in Terahertz Biomedical Applications
Terahertz radiation has drawn enormous attention in recent times due to its various application possibilities. This chapter reviews various emerging trends and well-established technologies in Terahertz biomedical. Due to its extraordinary sensing capabilities, non-invasive, non-ionizing properties, sensitive instrumentations for spectroscopy and imaging, Terahertz has found various biomedical sensing applications from biomolecules, proteins to cells and tissues. This chapter highlights terahertz device engineering, system technologies, range of materials, aiming at various biomedical applications. It also includes emerging topics such as terahertz biomedical imaging, pattern recognition and tomographic reconstruction by machine learning and artificial intelligence, for possible biomedical imaging applications. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Innovative Natural Disaster Precautionary Methods Through Virtual Space
Humancomputer interaction is the study of a human and computer interaction in which we analyze and create an interface between the humans and the computer to decide to which extent it is possible to interact with computers which change the way of the usual lifestyle that can evolve the future generations according to the humans convenience. Virtual reality environments in natural disasters are to train people to overcome or prevent their lives from risky situations. When it comes to natural disasters, people never know when such disasters strike in their daily lives, so it is necessary to be prepared to face such consequences. Though the rescuers are there to save the lives of the people, it is not possible to wait for the rescuers all the time, and the situations may also be even worse than the expected. It becomes highly impossible to take precautionary measures; therefore, after the warning of the disaster, people can prepare themselves to survive such situations without the help of rescuers. Different disasters happen in different landscapes; for example, Tsunami occurs in the sea, floods occur as a temporary disaster that covers the land with water, usually not covered by water, and many other disasters that cause life and damage property. Therefore, with the help of virtual reality simulation, people can be trained according to the scenarios or the natural disaster created by the computer-generated 3D environment where the trainee can interact and perform actions generated based on the scenarios. In the virtual world, provided in the head-mounted display, the user can be trained upon by first instructing what to be done and later, after understanding the situation, the trainee is put into a natural disaster scenario where he performs the precautionary measures that need to be done based on the scenario and prepare accordingly in such situations so that before the arrival of the rescuers, people would be more aware of what measures to be taken and react accordingly in such a way that it reduces the risk of life. The chapter further explains in detail about humancomputer interaction (HCI), virtual reality (VR), advantages and disadvantages of virtual reality, various natural disasters, and the role and impact of VR environment in creating awareness and providing precautionary measures for preventing natural disasters. When it comes to immersive technology and smart cities, it is equally important to make everything smart according to the changing generations and technologies in our day-to-day lives. On the other hand, when dealing with people to make them understand and educate things, we must also enhance teaching and make them feel interested in whatever we impose on them. So, when we give the people a 360-degree view or a three-dimensional view of the scenarios, it helps them experience like they are actually into the scenario to understand and make immediate decisions. The advantage of using such immersive technology is that when errors or misjudgments are made to learn from the mistakes and correct it, it helps them understand the scenario and take spot and efficient decision at the time of disasters which will have a significant impact on rescuing the lives of the people. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Influence of Customer Relationship Management for the Success of E-Business
Customer relationship management has recently been one of the key factors in the success of many organizations. Organizations have realized the importance of customer satisfaction and are integrating their operations with that of customer relationship to serve the customers in a better way. This paper seeks to understand the importance of CRM in e-business. It also talks about the importance of customer relationship for an organization in its growth. Relationship marketing has been studied to show how customer relationship management software can be made use of for the benefit of an organization. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
A Real-Time Approach with Deep Learning for Pandemic Management
It has never been so critical to managing pandemic situations created by a virus like COVID-19, which has brought the world almost to a standstill, claiming millions of lives. Learning from all earlier viruses and building a quick tackling mechanism is a need of the hour. There is a greater need for technology to collaborate with healthcare and leverage each of the domains expertise. With less time in hand, this collaboration must happen in a short time. There is a need to study the exiting progression in technology and the healthcare landscape to bring them to a common path for practical solutions. In the chapter, an attempt was made to put together some thoughts in both fields to relate them to pandemic managements frequent subject. Caution is drawn towards some crucial aspects, such as security and transparency, that cannot be compromised in this journey. Artificial intelligence (AI), being at the forefront of the technology supporting lives, provides a greater hope in this direction. Some of the prominent approaches can be looked at from a pandemic management point of view, which can start a more in-depth discussion on AI and healthcare going hand in hand in managing this pandemic situation. Essential areas of pandemic management, such as building on the knowledge gathered over a period, plugging in the real-time data from the society, building efficient data management systems and building transparent and interpretable solutions are the focus areas of exploration in this chapter. 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.