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Synthesis of Magnetorheological fluid Compositions for Valve Mode Operation
Smart materials such as Magnetorheological Fluids (MRF) have become sought-after material in wide ranging applications due to the ability to change properties in a controlled manner under application of stimulation such as a variable current, magnetization, heat, force, stress and deformation. Magnetorheological fluids in the rheological fluid domain has found use due to its ability to change its shear strength based on the applied magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids are composed of magnetizable micron sized iron particles and a non-magnetizable base/carrier fluid. The shear strength of commercially available MRF varies from 0 to 100kPa under the effect of the magnetic field. In a valve mode, the Magnetorheological damper (MR Damper or MRD), the MR fluid flows between two-fixed poles, which are parallel to each other. When the fluid flows between them, due to the applied magnetic field the magnetic particles align themselves in a chain form (on state) which is easily reversible when the field is removed (off state). Physical change of the fluid from liquid to semi-solid is controlled by the magnetic field, which makes the fluid a reliable member in active vibration control applications. In this study, two types of magnetizable particles (Carbonyl iron (CI) and Electrolytic iron (EI)) are taken and characterized using an Anton Paar MCR 702 rheometer set-up, in on and off states. To overcome issues like sedimentation, agglomeration and corrosion of the MR fluid, the iron particles are coated with natural gum like guar and xanthan, to the carrier fluid grease and other thixotropic additives are added. The addition of grease and thixotropic additives will inhibit the microbiological degradation of natural gum over an extended period. These engineered MR fluids are then used to analyze the performance of designed and developed stand-alone MR damper, which is tested using an electro-dynamic shaker. The response and damping performance of the MR Damper is analyzed with controlled changes in variables including percentage of additives in MR fluid & magnetization values 2019 Elsevier Ltd. -
A review of challenges and solutions in the preparation and use of magnetorheological fluids
This review of MRF (magnetorheological fluids or MR fluids) brings out the challenges in methods of preparation, difficulties encountered in storage and use, and possible solutions to overcome the challenges. Magnetorheological fluid in the rheological fluid domain has found use due to its ability to change its shear strength based on the applied magnetic field. Magnetorheological fluids are composed of magnetizable micron-sized iron particles and a non-magnetizable base or carrier fluid along with additives to counter sedimentation and agglomeration. Magnetorheological fluids can respond to external stimuli by undergoing changes in physical properties thus enabling several improved modifications in the existing technology enhancing their application versatility and utility. Thus, magnetorheological fluid, a rheological material whose viscosity undergoes apparent changes on application of magnetic field, is considered as a smart material. Such materials can be used for active and semi-active control of engineering systems. Many studies on the designs of systems incorporating MR fluids, mainly for vibration control and also for other applications including brakes, clutches, dynamometers, aircraft landing gears, and helicopter lag dampers, have emerged over last couple of decades. However, the preparation as well as the maintenance of magnetorheological fluids involves several challenges. Sedimentation is a major challenge, even when stored for moderate periods of time. A comprehensive review is made on the problems confronted in the preparation of magnetorheological fluids as well as sustenance of the properties, for use, over a long period of time. Other problems encountered include agglomeration and in-use thickening (IUT) as well as rusting and crusting. Of interest is the mitigation of these problems so as to prepare fluids with satisfactory properties, and such solutions are reviewed here. The control of magnetorheological fluids and the applications of interest are also reviewed. The review covers additives for overcoming challenges in the preparation and use of magnetorheological fluids that include incrustation, sedimentation, agglomeration, and also oxidation of the particles. The methodology to prepare the fluid along with the process for adding selected additives was reviewed. The results showed an improvement in the reduction of sedimentation and other problems decreasing comparatively. A set of additives for addressing the specific challenges has been summarized. Experiments were carried out to establish the sedimentation rates for compositions with varying fractions of additives. The review also analyzes briefly the gaps in studies on MR fluids and covers present developments and future application areas such as haptic devices. 2019, The Author(s). -
Creating and Sustaining Organizations: The Challenges of Sustainability
Global Journal of Finance & Management, Vol-4 (1), pp. 78-81. ISSN-0975-6477 -
Unlocking Credit Default Swaps (CDS) to the retail investors to boost liquidity and minimize risk /
Global Journal of Contemporary Research in Accounting, Auditing and Business Ethics, Vol-1 (1), pp. 40-58. ISSN-2311-3162 -
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Achieving Net-Zero Economy
Today, net zero economy is garnering lot of interest as climate change concerns have become one of the most pressing issues for the organizations. The negative impact of climate change (CC) could be witnessed across all industries. The direct risk (i.e. impairment cost, damages, forced closure from extreme weather events) and indirect risk (i.e. disruption in the business value chain, loss of infrastructure, etc.) emanating from CC has severely impacted the business model of the companies. It is important for companies to address climate challenges in their core business model and take climate action for achieving net zero economy. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of various organizational factors on the climate change adaptation strategies (CCAS) of manufacturing companies in India. The data was collected from 241 respondents and structural equation modelling (SEM) through Smart PLS 3.0 was employed for analysis in the study. Results indicated that corporate knowledge, processes, objectives, financial resources, collective knowledge, and incentives significantly influence the CCAS for the companies. The findings provide valuable input to the managers, practitioners, and other stakeholders interested in promoting climate actions and achieving a net zero economy. This chapter contributes to the extant literature in the field of corporate CC strategies and actions. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
A node deployment mechanism for energy-efficient routing in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Military applications are the primary concern of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Efficient target object/event monitoring is a primary goal of military systems in unattended and unmanned areas. Heterogeneous wireless sensor network (HTWSN) is an emerging network for efficient enemy object monitoring in sensitive areas of low cost. The performance of HTWSN is mainly depends on the quality of data transmission and better network lifetime. However, after deployment of HTWSN, the network can experience a serious problem known as path failure. Path failure occurs due to high route overhead, which result poor-quality data transmission and increase the node energy consumption. Path failure results route rediscovery and data packet retransmission. The proposed node deployment mechanism for HTWSN has been minimized the route overhead and improved the path quality, quality data packet transmission by avoid the path failure. The proposed node deployment strategy has given better results in terms of 20 % low node energy consumption, 56 % lower route overhead, 22 % higher network lifetime and 17 % higher data packet delivery ratio than the existing node deployment mechanism of IMCC protocol. 2005 - 2016 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. -
Scrutinization of joule heating and viscous dissipation on MHD flow and melting heat transfer over a stretching sheet
The present paper deals with an analysis of the combined effect of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on an MHD boundary layer flow and melting heat transfer of a micro polar fluid over a stretching surface. Governing equations of the problem are transformed into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying proper transformations and then they are solved numerically using the RKF-45 method. The method is verified by a comparison with the established results with limiting solution. The influence of the various interesting parameters on the flow and heat transfer is analyzed in detail through plotted graphs. 2018 K.G. Kumar et al., published by Sciendo. -
Numerical illustrations of 3D tangent hyperbolic liquid flow past a bidirectional moving sheet with convective heat transfer at the boundary
Convective heat transfer plays a central role in the numerous industrial devices because it perturbs the mechanical behavior of a system along with its thermodynamics. Keeping such applications in mind, analysis of heat transportation in three-dimensional tangent hyperbolic fluid flow is investigated here. Convective heat transportation at the boundaries is considered. Rosseland's approximation has been used for the radiation effects. Closed form analytical solutions for the governing equations are difficult to obtain even after the use of similarity transformations. Therefore, the numerical solutions are presented through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg forth-fifth method. Graphical analysis of the numerical results has been carried out. Roles of sundry constraints on flow are studied. It is also noted that the rates of heat transportation and skin-friction are higher in the presence of convective heat transfer near the boundary. 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. -
Non linear thermal radiation effect on Williamson fluid with particle-liquid suspension past a stretching surface
A mathematical analysis of two-phase boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a Williamson fluid with fluid particle suspension over a stretching sheet has been carried out in this paper. The region of temperature jump and nonlinear thermal radiation is considered in the energy transfer process. The principal equations of boundary layer flow and temperature transmission are reformed to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations under suitable similarity transformations. The transfigured equalities are solved numerically with the help of RKF-45 order method. The effect of influencing parameters on velocity and temperature transfer of fluid is examined and deliberated by plotted graphs and tabulated values. Significances of the mass concentration of dust particle parameter play a key role in controlling flow and thermal behavior of non-Newtonian fluids. Further, the temperature and concern boundary layer girth are declines for increasing values of Williamson parameter. 2017 The Authors -
Deposition and characterization of ZnO thin films on corning glass substrate using Magnetron sputtering
The Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on corning glass substrates using RF Magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 400 C and thicknesses of 1000 nm and 2000 nm. SEM, EDX, XRD, and UV-Vis spectrometers were used to analyse the thin films' morphological, structural, and optical characteristics. SEMwas used to analyse the surface morphology of the thin films. The composition of the created thin films was evaluated using EDX. XRD was used to examine the crystalline structure of the deposited ZnO films. Using the Debye-Scherrer equation, the average sample crystal size was determined. Uv-Vis was used to analyse the optical characteristics of the thin films. The findings showing how well-piezoelectric the produced thin films are may be useful in developing Surface Acoustic Wave Devices. 2024 Author(s). -
Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate, Post-annealing Temperature, and Different Electrolyte Concentrations on WO3 Thin Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering For Electrochromic Applications
In this work, tungsten oxide (WO3) films were deposited at room temperature and annealed for 2h at 400C. The electrochromic and electrochemical properties were studied for two different electrolytes. The films were deposited at different oxygen flow rates of 2, 4, and 6 standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM). X-ray diffraction analysis revealed structural characterization of amorphous and crystalline phases. UV-visible spectroscopy optical transmittance revealed 91% transmittance, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the absence of impurities and the presence of W and O. An electrochemical analyzer was used to characterize the deposited and annealed WO3 films immersed in the two different electrolyte solutions (H2SO4 and LiClO4 with oxygen flow rates ranging from 2 SCCM to 6 SCCM). It was found that the H2SO4 electrolyte of an annealed WO3 thin film at 2 SCCM demonstrated high coloring efficiency of 50.18cm2/C, and the LiClO4 electrolyte of an annealed WO3 thin film at 4 SCCM demonstrated high coloring efficiency of 20.06cm2/C. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2024. -
Structural, optical, and electrochromic properties of RT and annealed sputtered tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films for electrochromic applications by using GLAD technique
Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films were prepared on the GLAD DC magnetron sputtering (GDMS) and substrate angles were varied from 70 to 80. The WO3 thin films were deposited at room temperature (RT) on corning glass (CG) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and substrates and annealed at 400C/2h. The XRD, UvVis spectrometer, and electrochemical analyzer were used to determine the structural, optical, and electrochromic (EC) properties. According to an XRD study, RT-deposited samples were amorphous, but annealed samples displayed crystalline structures. The optical transmittance of RT and annealed samples varied from 59 to 71% and 14 to 28% respectively. The colored/bleached ability of the cyclic voltammograms was RT samples shows greater than in annealed samples. Since the coloration ability and diffusion coefficient of WO3 RT samples show greater than annealed samples. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. -
Effect of partial pressure of oxygen, target current, and annealing on DC sputtered tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films for electrochromic applications
Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films were prepared on Corning (CG) and Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates at partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) 4 10?2 Pa and 8 10?2 Pa using DC magnetron sputtering (DCMs). In this work, we have varied the deposition parameters like pO2, target currents, and temperature. At pO2 4 10?2 Pa and 8 10?2 Pa samples were deposited at target currents of 50 mA and 100 mA, the maintained growth conditions are RT (substrate temperature 28 C), Pre annealed (substrate temperature 400 C), and Post annealed (annealing temperature 400 C). The samples were systematically characterized for vibrational, structural, optical, and Electrochromic (EC) properties by using Raman, XRD, Uv-Vis spectrometer, and Electrochemical analyzer respectively. XRD analysis reveals that RT-deposited samples show amorphous nature and pre & post-annealed samples show a crystalline nature for both pO2. Optical transmittance was higher at RT-deposited samples at 50 mA (94% & 92%) and lower at 100 mA (87% & 85%) at the wavelength of 600 nm for both pO2. From CV analysis higher cathodic peak current density was observed in RT-deposited samples at 50 mA (?6.49 mAcm?2 & -13.80 mAcm?2) and lower at 100 mA (?5.25 mAcm?2 & -12.88 mAcm?2) for both pO2. The diffusion coefficient was observed at a higher target current at 100 mA (1.06 10?7 cm2/s & 9.20 10?8 cm2/s). For annealed samples optical and EC properties were decreased for both pO2. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Structural, optical and electrochromic properties of WAW films for profound electrochromic applications deposited by DC & RF magnetron sputtering
One of the most frequently used transition conducting oxides (TCO) is indium tin oxide. Indium is very expensive because of the lack of availability. So Most of the researchers focused on cost-effective materials and they have developed Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) structures for ITO-free applications. Examples of dielectric materials are AZO, MoO3, TiO2, and WO3. The dielectric material is sandwiched between metals such as Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, and Al. The efficacy of these DMD structures is purely based on the thickness of the dielectric and metal layers. Once the metal layer thickness is more than 15 nm, the transmittance is much less due to the thickness of the material and it will work as a reflector. Moreover, as WO3 is the most widely and frequently used material we focus on the fabrication of WO3/Ag/WO3 (WAW) for replacing TCO in the electrochromic device and making it indium-free. WAW structures are widely used in smart windows, gas sensors, solar cells, photodetectors, etc. For electrochromic applications, these WAW structures showed good transmittance, fast switching speed, best coloration efficiency, and best optical modulation in comparison to WO3/ITO structure and are also cost-effective. 2024 The Author(s) -
Secure provenance-based communication using visual encryption
Explicit specification of the historical record of an instance or a data item is called data provenance. It has many applications in various fields with regards to its importance on capturing data flow mechanisms. However, on the other hand, there are good number of security mechanisms in place to withstand the cyber-attacks. Almost all of these algorithms uses complex mathematical calculations in providing security for the systems. Visual cryptography is a peculiar approach which uses concept of secret sharing by dividing the message into transparencies as encryption process. Upon superimposing transparencies one obtains the original message. In this paper, we propose secret sharing as a notion of security onto data provenance. Main inference of this writing is to throw a model combining above two mentioned aspects which gives away an indigenous solution in the area of information security. This proposed model is implemented with specific use case scenarios for substantiation and related analysis. Simulated results and discussion of the same is presented in the paper. 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. -
Securing Provenance Data with Secret Sharing Mechanism: Model Perspective
Elicitation about the genesis of an entity is referred to as provenance. With regards to data objects and their relationships the same is termed as data provenance. In majority of the instances, provenance data is sensitive and a small variation or adjustment leads to change in the entire chain of the data connected. This genesis needed to be secured and access is granted for authorized party. Individual control in preserving the privacy of data is common scenario and there are a good number of approaches with respect to cryptography. We propose a unique model, wherein the control of the data is available with multiple bodies however not with one; and when an access has to be granted for a genuine purpose, all the bodies holding their share will have to agree on a common platform. Combining these shares in a peculiar pattern allows the grant for accessing data. The method of allocating control to multiple bodies and allowing grant based on combining stakes is called as secret sharing mechanism. Division of the shares can be drawn from visual encryption approach. It provides transparencies for a given input message. This paper throws light on a framework associated to securing provenance via secret sharing security notion. 2019 IEEE. -
The secured data provenance: Background and application oriented analysis
It is with the advancement of overwhelming wireless internet access in mobile environments, users and usage data has become huge and voluminous on regular basis. For instance, the financial transactions performed via online by users are unsecure and unauthenticated in many contexts. Methods and algorithms exist for secure data transmission over different channels, perhaps lacks to achieve high performance with respect to the basic goals of security; confidentiality, integrity, availability at a considerable level. The origin of the data i.e., by whom the original transaction thread have been started, is the critical question to be answered while finalizing with the financial transaction. This concept of 'history of data' have attained good attention by the researchers from many decades at different application domains and is named as Data Provenance. However, provenance with security has got a little progress with research in the recent times especially in cyber security. This study focuses on the security aspects of data provenance with a unique approach in cryptography. The blend of these two technologies could provide an indigenous solution for securing the provenance of the related data. 2016 IEEE. -
Agricultural Crop-Yield Prediction: Comparative Analysis Using Machine Learning Models
Machine learning (ML) is a crucial decision-support tool for predicting agricultural crop yields, enabling choices about which crops to grow and what to do while they are in the growing season. The research on agricultural production prediction has been supported by the application of several ML techniques. We employed a comparative analysis in this study to synthesize using three ML models, including linear regression, polynomial regression, and K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and extracted the results for the prediction of yield. Crop yield depends on a variety of aspects such as temperature, pesticide usage, rainfall, and even year due to changing climatic conditions. It is in our best interest to find out the crop yield based on these factors, as it will help in advancing the farming sector. These collected data have gone through preprocessing - i.e., cleaning, to ensure that no redundant or error data is used to train the ML models. Before we train the models, the dataset is divided into training and testing to provide the performance metrics of each model we use. The experimental results on predictions indicate KNN performs slightly better in comparison with linear regression and polynomial regression models. 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Blockchain Enabled Model for Minimizing Post Harvest Losses
Post-harvest loss (PHL) leads to both decline in quantity and quality of food processing output from harvest to consumption. They can be caused by a wide range of circumstances, from growth conditions to retail handling. As storage loss is considered one among the detrimental factors, in this study, 25 data units were collected from a cold storage facility to analyze and focus specifically on post-harvest losses of vegetables. Various data analysis was carried out using SPSS tool. It was found that majority of losses were due to pest infection, weight losses due to climatic conditions, and transportation losses. On the other hand, block chain being a trend setter in the recent technology evolution which is providing fruitful outcomes in all the integrated fields, we have chosen the same for obtaining a better solution for the afore mentioned problem. Integrating blockchain technology into the structure can significantly reduce storage losses and support producer-consumer lines. The Electrochemical Society -
Data Analysis and Machine Learning Observation on Production Losses in the Food Processing Industry
Food wastage and capturing lineage from production to consumption is a bigger concern. Yielding, storage and transportation areas have evolved to a great extent associated to manufacturing and automation which lead to technical advancements in food processing industry. In such situation, losses are generally observed in the crop production which are sometimes minimal and ignored. However, in some cases these losses are huge and are becoming a threat to the both producers and consumers. Here we considered data related to dairy products and analysed the production losses especially while processing them in the treating unit. Literature on parameters and associated data analysis in the form of graphical representation are provided in the appropriate sections of the paper. Linear regression and correlation were envisaged in view of incorporating machine learning techniques understanding production losses. Karl Pearson's correlation provides an observation related to association of parameters which are desired to be less coupled in terms of employing proposed newer methodology. 2023 IEEE.