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Green synthesis, characterization, and biological applications of silver nanoparticles from Pachira glabra leaf extract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offers an environmentally sustainable approach to nanoparticles (NPs) production, utilizing plant extracts as reductant and stabilizer. This method helps minimizes the involvement of toxic chemicals, making it an economical and eco-friendly substitute to traditional synthetic techniques. The objective of this study is to synthesize and analyse AgNPs formed from Pachira glabra Pasq. leaf extract and to evaluate their biological applications. This study presents the first report on the green synthesis of AgNPs using P. glabra leaf extract, demonstrating its antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. In this study, 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used for synthesizing AgNPs. The shift in colour of the solution from pale green to brown indicates NP synthesis which was further confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis, exhibiting a peak at 424 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was done to recognize the functional groups present in both P. glabra leaf extract and AgNPs synthesized. FTIR analysis revealed key functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups. Peaks were observed in the range of 504 ?3351 cm?1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and zeta potential of biosynthesized AgNPs showed the size distribution and stability in suspension. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited both cubic and spherical morphologies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence and distribution of silver (Ag) and other elemental contents. The crystallinity of biosynthesized AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. These results helped to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) bacterial strains, with the AgNPs showing maximum effectiveness against E. coli, exhibiting an inhibition zone of 6.5 1.5 mm. The DPPH assay was used to evaluate antioxidant activity, and the biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated a scavenging activity of 82.99 %, showing strong antioxidant potential compared to the standard. The cytotoxicity of both AgNPs and P. glabra leaf extract was tested against HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cell line (ATCC-CCL-247). 2025 The Authors -
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Travel and Tourism Industry of India and Middle East Nations
Travel and Tourism is one of the business sectors across the world that experienced a devastating effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic. All allied sectors of tourism were also affected by the pandemic in an unprecedented manner. The Tourism sector is one of the significant contributors to the GDP of many countries and the largest service industry, where a greater number of women and youth are employed. The Middle East nations and India which are highly reliant on international tourism for economic growth, have been seriously affected by the Pandemic. Apart from the mainstream, a large number of people are informally associated with the tourism sector for their livelihood all over the world. Tourism industry occupies a significant position in enhancing the demand for products and services from different sectors of the economy. In the post covid- period there is a drastic fall in the GDP contribution of the Tourism sector to the economy of Middle East countries and India. This chapter examines the impact of the Pandemic on the Travel & Tourism sector of Middle East nations and India, and proposes the strategies to overcome the present adversities and to revive the industry in the new normal situation even though there is uncertainty and challenges in the road ahead. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Fibonacci Based Security Algorithm for ECG Signal
The rising dependence on telemedicine and wearable well-being devices has made the safe transmission of sensitive biomedical information, like Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, a critical concern. In this paper, we propose a Fibonacci-based security calculation to guarantee the secrecy and integrity of ECG signals during transmission. The proposed algorithm leverages the unique properties of the Fibonacci succession to make a lightweight and effective encryption instrument custom-made to the continuous prerequisites of ECG information. By coordinating Fibonacci changes with conventional cryptographic strategies, the proposed strategy accomplishes upgraded security with insignificant computational above, making it reasonable for asset-obliged devices. The algorithm is evaluated regarding encryption strength, computational proficiency, and capacity to endure cryptographic attacks. Trial results exhibit that the Fibonacci-based approach gets ECG signals and preserves the nature of the first clinical information, guaranteeing both security and exactness in remote health monitoring systems with the Signal to Noise greater than 50dB. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2026. -
Compressive Sensing Based Compression Algorithm for the Audio Signal
Nyquist sampling is used in the conventional digital converter to convert the analog audio signal to digital audio data. Traditional approaches, such as Nyquist sampling, require high sampling rates, leading to large datasets. After sampling, the digital audio data is often compressed using algorithms like Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 Audio Coding (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), or other codecs to re-duce the file size for storage or transmission. Recently, Compressive Sensing (CS) has been used instead of Nyquist Sampling. Instead of sampling at the Nyquist rate, Com-pressive Sensing samples the signal at a much lower rate. The recovery of the original signal from these fewer samples is possible through minimization techniques. Hence, in the proposed algorithm, we use Compressive Sensing for audio compression. The basis matrix for Compressive Sensing is generated by exploring different transform matrices. The proposed algorithm leverages the principles of Compressive Sensing to enhance audio compression by reducing the number of samples needed and using efficient recovery techniques, resulting in a high compression rate suitable for modern audio applications. 2025. -
Graphitization of coal by bio-solubilization: Structure probe by Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectra of two coal samples of different rank have been examined with Raman spectrometer operating at an excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm. Raman studies manifested the presence of G band conforming the first order scattering of E2g mode. The sp3 domains at about 1355 cm-1 (D band) is an evidence to edge planes and disordered structures. Analysis by curve fitting the first order spectrum justified the presence of G, D1, D2, D3 and D4 bands. The integrated intensity ratio IG/ID? is found to be 3.66 and 5.8 while the ID/ID? ratio is estimated to be about 3 and 4.9 for bituminous and sub-bituminous coal, respectively indicating on-site and hopping defect in the graphene layers. The 2D band is fitted with multiple Lorentian profile has 4 peaks, the intense G?, G?, D + D? and 2D? band at 2445, 2690, 2925 and 3160 cm-1. From the second order spectrum, formation of about 6-8 stacked graphene layers is observed in sub-bitumionus coal. -
Facile engineering of aptamer-coupled silk fibroin encapsulated myogenic gold nanocomposites: investigation of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction
Nanocomposites selectively induce cancer cell death, holding potential for precise liver cancer treatment breakthroughs. This study assessed the cytotoxicity of gold nanocomposites (Au NCs) enclosed within silk fibroin (SF), aptamer (Ap), and the myogenic Talaromyces purpureogenus (TP) against a human liver cancer cell (HepG2). The ultimate product, Ap-SF-TP@Au NCs, results from a three-step process. This process involves the myogenic synthesis of TP@Au NCs derived from TP mycelial extract, encapsulation of SF on TP@Au NCs (SF-TP@Au NCs), and the conjugation of Ap within SF-TP@Au NCs. The synthesized NCs are analyzed by various characteristic techniques. Ap-SF-TP@Au NCs induced potential cell death in HepG2 cells but exhibited no cytotoxicity in non-cancerous cells (NIH3T3). The morphological changes in cells were examined through various biochemical staining methods. Thus, Ap-SF-TP@Au NCs emerge as a promising nanocomposite for treating diverse cancer cells. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024. -
Dynamic Channel Allocation in Wireless Personal Area Networks for Industrial IoT Applications
Industrial wireless networks gain a substantial growth in size in the global market. In the congested scenarios of the industrial IoT application instances of wireless personal area networks, it should have a medium access strategy that is efficient and works autonomously to provide a reliable channel by reducing packet collisions. Medium access protocols must consider properties of the links between devices before a node is allowed to access the shared medium. Characteristic metrics of the channel like link quality indicator, received signal strength indicator, and path loss distance have to be considered in the contention resolution process between the nodes. A fuzzy-based channel allocation algorithm is proposed with dynamic adaptation of contention window in channel access strategy of the MAC layer standard. As per the simulation results, the algorithm proposed showed better results in terms of network throughput and packet delivery rate. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Implementation of survivability aware protocols in WSN for IoT applications using Contiki-OS and hardware testbed evaluation
The Internet of Things is a network of devices capable of operating and communicating individually and working for a specific goal collectively. Technologically, many networking and computing mechanisms have to work together with a common objective for the IoT applications to function, and many sensing and actuating devices have to get connected to the Internet backbone. The networks of resource-constrained sensor devices constitute an integral part of IoT application networks. Network survivability is a critical aspect to consider in the case of a network of low-power, resource-constrained devices. Algorithms at different layers of the protocol stack have to work collectively to enhance the survivability of the application network. In this article, the survivability-aware protocols for wireless sensor networks for IoT applications are implemented in real network scenarios. The routing strategy, Survivable Path Routing protocol, and the channel allocation technique, Survivability Aware Channel Allocation, are implemented in Contiki-OS, the open-source operating system for IoT. Furthermore, the implementation scenarios are tested with the FIT IoT Lab hardware testbed. Simulated results are compared with the results obtained from the testbed evaluation. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Marketer Behavior and Digital Ethics: Responsibility, Intrusion, and Accountability in AI Marketing
Digital marketing today is shaped by automated decision systems and data- driven personalization, which expand customer engagement but also amplify intrusions into private and professional spaces. This chapter introduces marketer behavior as a lens to study how professional intentions and practices affect digital consumer experience. Moving beyond technical and consumer- centric analyses, it highlights marketer agency in strategies that alternate between value creation and intrusive persistence. A conceptual framework is proposed to classify marketer behavior by ethical orientation and intrusiveness, supported by an ethical calibration index to assess autonomy, transparency, and contextual sensitivity. The discussion critiques current tendencies and advances responsible digital engagement by promoting ethical accountability. It argues that enduring loyalty depends not on predictive precision alone but on evolving ethics of marketer conduct that are aligned with consumer trust. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Beyond AR and VR: immersive techniques for effective case teaching
Purpose This study aims to investigate the integration of immersive techniques into case teaching to address the limitations of traditional static methods in management education. It explores how these techniques enhance student engagement, critical thinking and the application of theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a phenomenological and self-reflective methodology, this exploratory study draws insights from the lived experiences of educators and students by using non-technological immersive methods such as roleplay, interviews, industry visits and product exhibitions. Findings The findings reveal that immersive techniques foster deeper cognitive, emotional and behavioral engagement among students, providing a richer understanding of complex business dynamics. However, implementation challenges such as resource constraints and the reliance on external stakeholders are noted. Practical recommendations are provided to overcome these barriers. Practical implications The study highlights scalable and cost-effective immersive methods, making them accessible for institutions with limited technological resources. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, these techniques equip students with the critical skills and competencies required for todays workforce. Originality/value This research contributes to the existing body of literature by focusing on non-technological immersive methods, an area often overshadowed by studies on advanced technologies like virtual reality. It provides a framework for educators to innovate case teaching practices, enhancing the relevance and impact of management education. 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited -
From Advisory to Authentic Co-Creation: Rethinking Employer-University Partnerships for Future-Ready Graduates
As the future of work becomes increasingly dynamic, higher education faces pressure better to align academic programs with the evolving demands of industry. Traditional employer engagement approaches, such as advisory boards or guest lectures, often remain surface-level, failing to bridge the persistent disconnect between academic curricula and workplace expectations. This chapter introduces the COACT Model as a transformative framework that redefines employeruniversity collaboration through authentic co-creation. Grounded in stakeholder theory, participatory curriculum design, and experiential learning, COACT comprises five iterative phases: Collaborate, Orchestrate, Apply, Co-Evaluate, and Transform. Each phase outlines actionable strategies for embedding employers into curriculum development, delivery, and evaluation at the program level. The model emphasizes mutual accountability, shared pedagogical ownership, and contextual adaptability, enabling institutions to reform curricula without overburdening faculty or marginalizing employer contributions incrementally. By positioning employers as co-educators and co-evaluators, COACT facilitates meaningful integration of real-world insights into academic learning, thus enhancing graduate employability, confidence, and readiness. The chapter also provides practical guidelines, implementation structures, and evaluative feedback loops that support continuous improvement and institutional learning. Ultimately, the COACT Model reframes curriculum not as a fixed academic product, but as a dynamic, co-authored space where diverse knowledge sources converge. In doing so, it offers a scalable pathway for universities to develop future-ready graduates through enduring, responsive, and equitable partnerships with industry. 2026 by IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Leveraging data sharing for enhanced experiences in service industries: Role of experience orientation and privacy calculus
In the context of customer experience, the acquisition of personal and behavioural data plays an integral role, yet it raises significant privacy concerns. This study suggests employing the privacy calculus framework to craft a meaningful customer experience while addressing these privacy apprehensions. Drawing from an extensive review of literature, the study formulates propositions, subsequently validated through case studies. Beyond existing literature, this research introduces novel factors pertinent to the service industry, expanding the understanding of privacy-tradeoff dynamics. Factors such as brand reputation, transaction frequency, campaign design, grievance redressal mechanisms, ethical conduct, and marketer behaviour emerge as pivotal triggers influencing privacy-tradeoff decisions. However, empirical validation is required to consolidate these propositions. The study highlights the imperative of bridging the privacy calculus concept with customer experience, particularly within the service sector, shedding light on factors that can effectively navigate this terrain. By clarifying the relationships between privacy considerations and customer experience, this chapter contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricacies involved. It not only identifies key factors but also underlines their potential to shape and optimize the customer journey amidst privacy concerns. The proposed framework offers a better understanding of how businesses can navigate the delicate balance between data privacy and delivering exceptional service. The study recommends further empirical scrutiny to validate and refine the proposed framework, ultimately fostering a more robust understanding of privacy dynamics in the service industry. 2025 Elangovan N., Aishwarya Nagarathinam, Sundaravel Elangovan, Aarthy Chellasamy and Sangeetha Rangasamy. Published under exclusive licence by Emerald Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. -
Pilgrimage model of short learning programmes in a doctoral education: Enhancing research competency
Higher education has recently witnessed a paradigm shift in pedagogical approaches, with an increasing emphasis on acquiring skills and competencies. This chapter explores the application of the Pilgrimage Model of Short Learning Programmes (SLP) in doctoral education, aiming to enhance research skills among doctoral students. Inspired by spiritual journeys, this model fosters deep learning by encouraging short-term, self-directed and targeted expeditions into various research areas. By embarking on these short learning journeys, students acquire new skills, broaden their knowledge and cultivate intellectual curiosity. This approach transforms the traditional doctoral experience and promotes self-directed learning and holistic development. The study contributes to the pedagogical field by exploring its efficacy in advanced academic settings. Through the Pilgrimage Model, doctoral programmes can transcend traditional thesis-based evaluations, offering a more comprehensive engagement with knowledge and nurturing skills crucial for academic and professional success. 2025, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. -
Mediation of perceived innovation charaterstics on ERP adoption in industrial cluster /
International Journal Of Innovation And Technology Management, Vol.13, Issue 3, ISSN: 0219-8770. -
Cluster institutional isomorphic pressures: A case of Tirupur knitwear cluster /
Journal Research Journal of Social Science & Management (RJSSM), Vol.2 Issue 4, pp.95-102, ISSN No. 2251-1571. -
Inclusive business models in tourism: A comprehensive analysis through the business model canvas
Tourism has become a cornerstone of global economic growth and cultural exchange, generating opportunities and challenges for various stakeholders. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on inclusive business practices within the tourism sector, aiming to create value not only for shareholders but also for local communities, marginalized groups, and the environment. This book chapter explores integrating inclusive principles into tourism business models and developing an Inclusive Business Model Canvas. The chapter begins by introducing the concept of inclusive business in the context of tourism and its significance in fostering sustainable development and social progress. It highlights the changing landscape of tourism, characterized by increased awareness of responsible travel, ethical considerations, and the need for equitable distribution of benefits. Subsequently, the chapter delves into the Business Model Canvas, a versatile tool for visualizing, analyzing, and designing business models. Each component of the canvas-Key Partnerships, Key Activities, Key Resources, Value Propositions, Customer Segments, Channels, Customer Relationships, Revenue Streams, and Cost Structure-is examined through the lens of inclusivity. This chapter comprehensively analyses how the Business Model Canvas can be employed as a strategic tool to guide the integration of inclusive practices into tourism businesses. It contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable and responsible tourism, shedding light on innovative approaches that create value for businesses and communities. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to inclusive business in tourism, highlighting the interconnectedness of the canvas components and the importance of aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It also outlines future research directions and provides recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in fostering inclusive and sustainable tourism practices. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts
Validation of a survey instrument is an important activity in the research process. Face validity and content validity, though being qualitative methods, are essential steps in validating how far the survey instrument can measure what it is intended for. These techniques are used in both scale development processes and a questionnaire that may contain multiple scales. In the face and content validation, a survey instrument is usually validated by experts from academics and practitioners from field or industry. Researchers face challenges in conducting a proper validation because of the lack of an appropriate method for communicating the requirement and receiving the feedback. In this Paper, the authors develop a template that could be used for the validation of survey instrument. In instrument development process, after the item pool is generated, the template is completed and sent to the reviewer. The reviewer will be able to give the necessary feedback through the template that will be helpful to the researcher in improving the instrument. 2021 The Author(s) -
Harnessing digital innovation for inclusive tourism: Role of emerging technologies in creating accessibility and equity
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has ushered in a new era for the tourism industry, presenting unprecedented opportunities to enhance inclusivity, accessibility, and equity in travel experiences. This study investigates the transformative potential of emerging technologies in fostering a more inclusive tourism landscape. Specifically, it examines how selected digital innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), mobile applications, and wearable devices are shaping the accessibility and equity of tourism for diverse populations. This chapter begins with a comprehensive literature review, highlighting current trends, challenges, and existing studies on inclusive practices in the tourism sector. The paper delves into a detailed analysis of each emerging technology, showcasing successful integration examples from real-world cases. It evaluates the benefits and potential challenges of adopting these technologies, especially in enhancing accessibility for travelers with disabilities. The examination addresses physical, sensory, and cognitive accessibility barriers, providing insights into how technology reshapes travel experiences for diverse individuals. This chapter delves into the role of emerging digital innovations in fostering equity within the tourism sector. By facilitating cross-cultural connections and enhancing access to tech-driven travel experiences, these technologies contribute to a more inclusive landscape. The study scrutinizes socioeconomic dimensions, shedding light on the holistic impact of tech integration. While acknowledging challenges and ethical concerns, responsible technology deployment is endorsed to counterbalance drawbacks and bridge the digital divide, enabling marginalized communities to leverage the benefits of this digital transformation. The implications of this study are relevant for businesses, policymakers, and tourism stakeholders. The chapter concludes by providing practical recommendations for the responsible incorporation of emerging technologies and emphasizing the long-term sustainability of inclusive digital innovations. By shedding light on the transformative potential of these technologies and outlining guidelines for their application, this research contributes to the evolution of a more accessible, equitable, and inclusive tourism industry. 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. -
Impact of functional interdependency on employee satisfaction with performance appraisal in the real estate industry
Unbiased performance appraisal tends to bolster the performance of employees. The studies indicate several inadequacies with the current performance appraisal systems. Functional interdependence is one such factor that has been ignored. The study aims to find the factors that can improve the satisfaction with performance appraisal of employees whose deliverables are highly interdependent on other functions. Organizational justice, rater competence, inter-functional conflict, and cohesion are considered the mediating variables. To test the model, the data are collected through a survey using a questionnaire from the executives of Indian real estate companies who have undergone the appraisal process at least once. Firms with more than 500 employees are randomly selected for the list of members of the real estate developers' associations. The results show that functional interdependency has a negative impact on satisfaction with performance appraisal. Although conflict and cohesion are found to influence satisfaction with performance appraisal, they did not mediate the effect of functional interdependency on satisfaction with performance appraisal. However, the study found that rater competence and organizational justice have a mediating effect. The study provides practical implications to HR managers of real estate companies to train the raters and include the complexities of functional interdependencies in the appraisal system. A grievance mechanism should be created to address the employees' concerns, ultimately improving satisfaction with performance appraisal. Elangovan N., Sridhar Rajendran, 2020 -
Navigating the doctoral programme: A journey metaphor in heutagogical context
The journey towards a doctoral degree, the highest academic degree, is challenging. It is a journey full of emotions and experiences that provides a feeling of achievement and fulfilment. The doctoral research process is sometimes overwhelming, and scholars are lost in the wilderness of the activities. Navigating a social science doctoral programme, including the business and management streams, requires understanding the pathways and the nuances. This paper presents metaphors of the doctoral journey that helps scholars in developing a better mindset and plan an enriching journey. The methodology used is a qualitative-conceptual metaphor analysis. The study considers the heutagogical framework and develops analogies from the travel and tour domain and applies it to the doctoral programme. The paper compares self-guided tours, Driver Vs Passenger, Roller coaster, pilgrimage model and self-experience that the scholars need to take up in their doctoral journey 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved.