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Designing a One-Pot Ternary Fe-Mn-Zn Oxide Positive Electrode with Enhanced Energy-Storage Properties for Hybrid Supercapacitors
In recent years, ternary metal-oxide nanocomposite-based active electrodes have been investigated more effectively for supercapacitor applications due to the existence of a greater number of electroactive sites and the synergistic effect of three different transition-metal ions. Herein, Fe-Mn-Zn oxide ternary nanocomposites are synthesized using a simple and cost-effective one-pot hydrothermal approach. The characterizations of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, and XPS are analyzed for the synthesized Fe-Mn-Zn oxide nanocomposites to study their phases, functional groups, morphologies, purity, and binding energies. The electrochemical characteristics for the developed electrodes are studied in a three-electrode technique using CV, GCD, EIS, and a cyclic stability test. As expected, the ternary nanocomposite electrode of Fe-Mn-Zn oxide reveals a maximum specific capacitance (Cspc1) of 1673.4 F/g in comparison to other developed electrodes of ZnFe2O4 (271.7 F/g) and ZnMn2O4 (412.7 F/g) at the appropriate scan rate of 10 mV/s. In addition, the Fe-Mn-Zn oxide ternary nanocomposite active electrode exhibits 2616.25 F/g of total capacitance (qT**), 686.94 F/g of outer capacitance (qO**), and 1929.30 F/g of inner capacitance (qI**) which are determined by Trasatti analysis. Moreover, the fabricated hybrid supercapacitor device provides a good specific capacitance of 320.8 F/g, a high energy density of 75.3 Wh/kg at the power density of 649.9 W/kg at 1 A/g of current density range, and 88.75% of superior capacitive retention over 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g. Therefore, a ternary metal-oxide nanocomposite electrode is proposed to be a promising material for energy-storage devices. 2024 American Chemical Society. -
High-resolution spectral analysis of three high-latitude carbon stars
We present the results of a detailed high-resolution spectroscopic analysis (SUBARU/HDS spectra, R 50 000) of three faint high-latitude carbon stars HE 1104 0957, HE 1205 0521, and HE 1244 3036. Our estimated metallicity for these objects is 2.96, 2.63, and 2.49, respectively. The surface chemical compositions of the objects are found to be characterised by enhanced carbon and heavy elements, such as Y, Ba, La, and Ce. Using the classification criteria for carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars the objects HE 1104 0957 and HE 1205 0521 could not be classified into any known CEMP sub-classes, whereas the object HE 1244 3036 is found to be likely a CEMP-s star. The observed abundance patterns in HE 1244 3036 are also found to match well with the yields of a 2 M AGB star with [Fe/H] = 2.50. Although our kinematic analysis indicates that the objects belong to the halo population, the elemental abundance ratios of HE 1104 0957 and HE 1205 0521 do not match well with those of typical halo objects. Estimated elemental abundances are presented, and kinematic properties of the stars are discussed. The Author(s), 2025. -
Connecting the dots: Tracing the evolutionary pathway of polar ring galaxies in the cases of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262
Polar ring galaxies (PRGs) are a unique class of galaxies characterised by a ring of gas and stars orbiting nearly orthogonal to the main body. This study delves into the evolutionary trajectory of PRGs using the exemplary trio of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262. We investigate the distinct features of PRGs by analysing their ring and host components to reveal their unique characteristics through spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. Using CIGALE, we performed SED fitting to independently analyse the ring and host spatially resolved regions, marking the first decomposed SED analysis for PRGs, which examines stellar populations using high-resolution observations from AstroSat UVIT at a resolved scale. The UV-optical surface profiles provide an initial idea that distinct patterns in the galaxies, with differences in FUV and NUV, suggest three distinct stages of ring evolution in the selected galaxies. The study of resolved-scale stellar regions reveals that the ring regions are generally younger than their host galaxies, with the age disparity progressively decreasing along the evolutionary sequence from NGC 3718 to NGC 4262. Star formation rates (SFR) also exhibit a consistent pattern, with higher SFR in the ring of NGC 3718 compared to the others, and a progressive decrease through NGC 2685 and NGC 4262. Finally, the representation of the galaxies in the HI gas fraction versus the NUV- plane supports the idea that they are in three different evolutionary stages of PRG evolution, with NGC 3718 in the initial stage, NGC 2685 in the intermediate stage, and NGC 4262 representing the final stage. This study concludes that PRGs undergo various evolutionary stages, as evidenced by the observed features in the ring and host components. NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262 represent different stages of this evolution, highlighting the dynamic nature of PRGs and emphasising the importance of studying their evolutionary processes to gain insights into galactic formation and evolution. The Author(s), 2025. -
Probing the resolved K-S relation in nearby galaxies: Insights from UVIT and ALMA observations
This study examines the resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt (rK-S) relation, defined as the connection between the star formation rate surface density (?SFR) and the molecular gas mass surface density (?H2) in the high-density central regions of three nearby barred spiral galaxies hosting AGN: NGC 1365, NGC 1433, and NGC 1566. Utilising high-resolution archival data from AstroSat/UVIT for UV imaging and Atacama Large Millimetere/submillimetre Array (ALMA) for CO(2-1) molecular gas mapping, we explore recent star formation and gas distribution with a spatial resolution of ?120132 pc. Our findings reveal a sublinear rK-S law, with slopes ranging from ?0.17 to ?0.71. Notably, NGC 1566 exhibits a robust rK-S relation consistent with previous studies, while NGC 1365 and NGC 1433 exhibit weaker correlations. These differences are likely due to the smaller number of identified star-forming regions in these galaxies compared to NGC 1566, as well as the central molecular gas concentrations and varying star formation activity in their bars and nuclear regions. These results also support the idea that the rK-S relation deviates from linearity in extreme environments, such as starburst galaxies and galactic centres. Additionally, we find a generally low median star formation efficiency (SFE) within the bars of these galaxies, suggesting that while bars may drive nuclear starbursts and contribute to bulge growth, they do not significantly increase SFE. Furthermore, a negative correlation between SFE and ?H2 is observed across the sample, both within and outside the bar regions, suggesting that higher ?H2 may lead to lower SFE in the central regions of these galaxies. Our findings highlight that ?H2 plays a primary role in shaping the observed trends in SFE, rather than the presence of a bar itself. The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Astronomical Society of Australia The Author(s) -
The Indian Pulsar Timing Array data release 2: I. Dataset and timing analysis
The Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) employs unique features of the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) to monitor dozens of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) millisecond pulsars (MSPs), simultaneously in the 300500 MHz and the 12601460 MHz bands. This dual-band approach ensures that any frequency-dependent delays are accurately characterised, significantly improving the timing precision for pulsar observations, which is crucial for pulsar timing arrays. We present details of InPTAs second data release that involves 7 yr of data on 27 IPTA MSPs. This includes sub-banded times of arrival (ToAs), dispersion measures (DM), and initial timing ephemerides for our MSPs. A part of this dataset, originally released in InPTAs first data release, is being incorporated into IPTAs third data release, which is expected to detect and characterise nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) in the coming years. The entire dataset is reprocessed in this second data release providing some of the highest precision DM estimates so far and interesting solar wind-related DM variations in some pulsars. This is likely to characterise the noise introduced by the dynamic inter-stellar ionised medium much better than the previous release thereby increasing sensitivity to any future GW search. The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Astronomical Society of Australia. -
Serendipitous detection of an intense X-ray flare in the weak-line T Tauri star KM Ori with SRG/eROSITA
Weak-line T Tauri stars (WTTS) exhibit X-ray flares, likely resulting from magnetic reconnection that heats the stellar plasma to very high temperatures. These flares are difficult to identify through targeted observations. Here, we report the serendipitous detection of the brightest X-ray flaring state of the WTTS KM Ori in the eROSITA DR1 survey. Observations from SRG/eROSITA, Chandra X-ray Observatory, and XMM-Newton are analysed to assess the X-ray properties of KM Ori, thereby establishing its flaring state at the eROSITA epoch. The long-term (1999-2020) X-ray light curve generated for the Chandra observations confirmed that eROSITA captured the source at its highest X-ray flaring state recorded to date. Multi-instrument observations support the X-ray flaring state of the source, with time-averaged X-ray luminosity reaching at the eROSITA epoch, marking it the brightest and possibly the longest flare observed so far. Such intense X-ray flares have been detected only in a few WTTS. The X-ray spectral analysis unveils the presence of multiple thermal plasma components at all epochs. The notably high luminosity , energy (erg), and the elevated emission measures of the thermal components in the eROSITA epoch indicate a superflare/megaflare state of KM Ori. Additionally, the H line equivalent width of from our optical spectral analysis, combined with the lack of infrared excess in the spectral energy distribution, were used to re-confirm the WTTS (thin disc/disc-less) classification of the source. The long-duration flare of KM Ori observed by eROSITA indicates the possibility of a slow-rise top-flat flare. The detection demonstrates the potential of eROSITA to uncover such rare, transient events, thereby providing new insights into the X-ray activity of WTTS. The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Astronomical Society of Australia. -
A bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on adverse childhood experiences (2004-2024)
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) significantly impact physical, mental and social well-being, making them a critical area of research. This study analyzed the emerging trends and intellectual structure of ACE research and identified key contributors, including the most productive nations, journals and authors. Using bibliometric tools and VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20), 1,957 articles from the Scopus database (2004 to March 2024) were systematically analyzed. A notable finding was the surge in ACE-related publications during the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially reflecting increased global attention on childhood adversity amid heightened social and economic challenges. The analysis also revealed a striking dearth of studies from the Global South, with the field predominantly shaped by Western nations, like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. Leading journals, such as the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, and prolific authors, like Kevin T. Wolff, played a central role in advancing the field. Co-citation analysis uncovered four thematic clusters: (1) conceptualization and assessment of ACE, (2) health implications, (3) mental health impacts and (4) juvenile delinquency. These clusters, though distinct, showed significant thematic overlaps, reflecting the interconnected nature of ACE research and its intellectual structure. These findings underscore the need for more regionally diverse and interdisciplinary approaches to understanding global childhood adversity. The Author(s), 2025. -
Internet chat based intervention as a mode for therapy and counselling
Increasing mental health issues in India demands for a strong intervention to curb the rise. According to the World Health Organization, roughly around 21 Indians out of 100,000 die by suicide every year. The burden on mental health domain increases due to the existing system as most of the existing services follow a traditional approach and are most sought after but lack reachability and ease of access. This study recognises the need for programmes that help in reachability and ease of access while simultaneously maintaining anonymity, therefore, analyses the impact of chat-based therapy provided online through the platform. The paper analyses the difference in subjective unit of well-being (SUW) pre and post chat-based sessions among 2624 college students and 805 corporate employees. The Wilcoxon signed rank test between pre and post intervention indicates significant results with the p < 0.001 (Z = -44.100a) suggesting and increase in SUW scores post intervention. Further, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that the gender of the clients has an association with the SUW scores (p < 0.05). It was also found that the duration of the sessions had a positive relation with the impact scores (p < 0.001). The Author(s), 2025. -
Thermosensitive In-situ gel based on halloysite nanotube/chitosan for site-specific delivery of aceclofenac
Periodontitis, a severe and chronic inflammatory gum disease, necessitates the development of advanced drug delivery strategies due to the limitations of conventional therapies, such as rapid drug clearance and inadequate site-specific retention. This study addresses these challenges by formulating and evaluating a novel aceclofenac-loaded halloysite nanotube (HNT) In-situ gel designed for effective local treatment of periodontitis. Aceclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) known for its potent anti-inflammatory action and reduced gastrointestinal side effects, was encapsulated within HNTs to achieve sustained drug release and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. These drug-loaded HNTs were subsequently incorporated into a thermosensitive In-situ gelling system composed of medium molecular weight chitosan, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium ?-glycerophosphate. This gel formulation demonstrated favourable properties, including syringeability, swelling capacity, and temperature-responsive gelation at physiological conditions. The comprehensive characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TEM, PXRD, DSC/TGA, confirmed successful drug encapsulation, structural stability, and uniform distribution within the gel matrix. The in vitro release studies revealed a sustained drug release profile, following zero-order and KorsmeyerPeppas kinetics, indicative of a Super Case-II transport mechanism. This novel, thermoresponsive local drug delivery system shows strong potential to improve the clinical management of periodontitis by providing prolonged therapeutic action, targeted delivery, and improved patient compliance. 2026 American Pharmacists Association. -
Lived experiences of urban working mothers during pandemic: A matricentric exploration in the Indian context
In India, entrenched patriarchal norms dictate gender roles, perpetuating men-headed families and patrilineal traditions deeply ingrained in its culture. Within this framework, working mothers daily confront gender biases despite society undervaluing their crucial roles in caregiving and the economy. The Covid-19 pandemic intensified these challenges, as working mothers faced heightened expectations to excel in both professional and maternal roles. With inadequate support and intensified caregiving demands, their physical and mental well-being significantly suffered. This article explores the complex realities experienced by Indian working mothers during the pandemic. Viewing motherhood through a matricentric lens underscores its importance to society while highlighting the need to redistribute caregiving responsibilities beyond mothers alone. The researchers conducted a qualitative study, interviewing 30 Indian working mothers from various professional backgrounds using semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed that despite seventy-seven years of independence, mothers in India continue to grapple with patriarchal oppression, inequality, and violence, underscoring the persistent challenges faced in navigating societal norms and expectations. By gaining insight into their experiences, policymakers can better grasp these burdens and implement measures to address associated physical and mental health concerns. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Interplay of financial inclusion and economic growth in emerging economies
This study delves into the complex link between financial inclusionboth traditional and digitaland economic growth across emerging economies from 1990 to 2022, using Dynamic Simulated ARDL and Driscoll-Kraay Standard Error techniques. Key findings highlight that traditional financial inclusion correlates positively with economic growth, whereas digital financial inclusion presents obstacles. Additionally, fiscal, monetary, and trade policies play vital roles: fiscal policies in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico focus on infrastructure, social programs, and tax reforms, respectively, to spur growth. Monetary policies include Brazil's inflation targeting, Turkey's interest rate adjustments, and India's MUDRA scheme, which promotes entrepreneurship. Trade policies, such as Chile's Free Trade Agreements and Mexico's participation in NAFTA, improve market access and economic resilience, while Egypt and Saudi Arabia focus on foreign direct investment and economic diversification. The study emphasizes coordinated policy efforts for sustained growth, advocating for financial inclusion supported by robust regulations and government investments in critical areas like infrastructure and healthcare. Central banks contribute by maintaining price stability and credit access, while strategic trade agreements and export diversification enhance economic resilience. The focus of the study on emerging economies and macro-level insights calls for further research at the micro-level to refine these results. By maintaining policy coherence and regular evaluations, these strategies aim to foster inclusive, long-term economic growth. 2025 The Author(s) -
Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Erns protein of classical swine fever virus: application for virus detection
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV; genus Pestivirus), is a highly transmissible disease in pigs that leads to severe economic losses for pig farmers worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis of CSFV infections is crucial for effective containment of the disease, especially in endemic areas. In this study, the full-length viral protein Erns was successfully expressed in E. coli. The recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and its antigenicity confirmed by western blot and indirect ELISA (iELISA) using CSFV-specific antiserum. The purified Erns protein was then used as an immunogen to generate murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A panel of 15 mAbs targeting this protein was characterized using iELISA and western blotting, for their ability to react with native antigens in cultures infected with CSFV. These mAbs have the potential to be used in the development of diagnostic tools, particularly for the detection and titration of virus-infected cultures through endpoint dilution assays. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Resilience-oriented optimal integration of photovoltaic, fast-charging stations, and energy storage systems in radial distribution systems
This study proposes a bilevel, resilience-oriented optimization framework for the coordinated allocation of photovoltaic (PV) and fast-charging stations (FCS) and battery energy storage with DSTATCOM (BESDSTATCOM) in radial distribution networks. Unlike existing approaches, the proposed method captures both the grid-connected performance and islanding resilience within a unified framework. The problem is formulated as a single-objective optimization to minimize the real power loss, while the voltage profile and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are evaluated as performance indices. The complexity of the single-objective, multi-constraint, and multivariable optimization problem was solved using the Crayfish Optimization Algorithm (COA), which was selected for its balanced explorationexploitation capability and fast convergence characteristics compared with conventional algorithms. The results on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network reveal that the uncoordinated integration of FCSs significantly deteriorates the system performance, increasing the real power losses by 48, 163, and 183% and GHG emissions by 28, 53, and 67% for one, two, and three FCSs, respectively. However, coordinated PV integration effectively mitigates these impacts, achieving up to ?93% loss reduction, improving the minimum voltage from 0.913 p.u. to 0.992 p.u., and reducing GHG emissions by up to ?88%. Furthermore, optimal PV penetration levels (up to 86.6%) are critical for emission reduction. Under islanding conditions, the BESDSTATCOM ensures energy balance and can effectively neutralize grid-based emissions. Comparative analysis confirmed that COA provided robust and consistent convergence compared to HPO and AOA. Overall, the study contributes to the achievement of United Nations goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action), by promoting sustainable energy integration, cleaner transportation, and reduced environmental emissions within modern power distribution systems. 2026 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ -
Assessing the socio-ecological effects of lakeside gentrificationA case study of two lakes in South India
The global push for sustainability and the urgency of addressing climate change have compelled city governments worldwide to prioritize the upkeep and restoration of urban commons. However, this state-led or private-driven greening often becomes a marker of gentrification. This study examines the ecological conservation policies applied to Periyakulam Lake in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, and Hebbal Lake in Bengaluru, Karnataka, aiming to elucidate how these policies exhibit flaws and lack inclusivity. Through the lens of urban political ecology, the research scrutinizes the state-led and state-supported strategies, emphasizing their tendency to favour a minuscule population while perpetuating aspects of gentrification. It critically examines the dual phases of lakeside gentrification, wherein the first phase involves the modification of the lake under the label of rejuvenation. The subsequent phase witnessed a transformation in the surrounding region's social, spatial, and economic characteristics as it became increasingly attractive and subject to investment. Such processes displace and dispossess livelihoods and instil a new urban imaginary where only urban elites become the standpoint for such beautification consumption. This study contributes to the literature on lakeside gentrification and argues how state-led and state-supported extractive policies remove the safety valves for a stable future by negating the linkages between society and nature. 2025 The Author(s) -
On the compositional and thermal stability of sputter deposited Inconel based multilayer solar absorber coating
A multilayer concept has been used to coat Inconel-718 in the presence of Ar+O2 atmosphere. The coating structure of metal oxide/metal/metal oxide was deposited on stainless steel SS304 substrate with the bottom most oxide layer as non-stoichiometric and the top oxide layer as stoichiometric in nature. This led to the solar absorptance of 0.887 and emissivity of 0.19. The absorption of this multilayer stack was increased by depositing an additional layer of SiO2 which improves the absorptance in the range of 0.940-0.951 without affecting the emittance (0.17 - 0.19). Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis was carried out for studying the morphological properties of the coating. The reflectance properties of the coating were analyzed using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction analysis was used for the structural properties. The findings of these studies highlight Inconel's suitability as a solar selective absorber coating. Contrary to high temperature stability of bulk Inconel, thermal stability investigations of the coating reveal its stability only up to 300 C in air for long durations. A detailed metallographic analysis conducted on both the bulk and the metal layer, to compare the intermetallic phases present, revealed the absence of the intermetallic phases in the metallic layer. This absence indeed caused the deterioration in thermal stability of the absorber layer. Further, energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that, unlike the bulk material, the sputtered Inconel layer exhibited absence of Nb composition. This absence of Nb is significant, as it contributes to the formation of intermetallic phases, thereby, influencing the observed differences in thermal behavior. 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Investigation of thermal performance of moving concave parabolic porous fin wetted by water based MoS2 nanofluid using Homotopy Perturbation Method
Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to significant improvements in the design, manufacturing, and thermal efficiency of engineering systems. Nanofluids, when combined with extended surfaces, enhance heat transfer performance, helping to prevent overheating while also offering improved stability, durability, and adaptability across various environmental conditions. This research focuses on the thermal response of a moving porous fin featuring a concave parabolic profile, immersed in a nanofluid composed of water as the base fluid and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles. The governing nonlinear nanofluid model is nondimensionalized, and thermal characteristics such as temperature profiles, heat transfer rates, efficiency, and fin effectiveness are obtained using the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM). The effects of important dimensionless parameters on thermal profiles are examined through graphical illustrations. The results demonstrate that temperature rises with increases in the Peclet number and thermal conductivity, whereas it decreases as porosity, radiation, convection, and emissivity parameters increase. Furthermore, the inclusion of MoS2 nanofluid leads to an average heat transfer enhancement of approximately 3.84% compared to conventional fluids under radiative conditions. 2025 -
Flow and heat transfer of penta-hybrid nanofluid at stagnation point over a stretching/shrinking sheet
This research investigates the influence of penta-hybrid nanofluid on the flow and heat-mass transfer at a stagnation point over a stretching/shrinking sheet. The Penta hybrid nanofluid has been effectively synthesized by assimilation of Silver Ag, Gold Au, Magnesium oxide Mgo, Copper Cu, Titanium oxide TiO2 as a nanoparticle with a convectional fluid water H2O. Additionally, microorganisms are added to the fluid to improve the stability of nanoparticles by preventing aggregation, ensuring uniform dispersion. The governing nonlinear system of partial differential equations describing the problem are developed and converted into dimensionless form using proper similarity transformation. The obtained resultant equations are solved numerically by employing the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) method. The results are confirmed by cross-referencing them with findings from established literature to assure consistency and precision. Further, the effect of dimensionless parameter on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are interpreted through the help of graphs. This research explores how stretching and shrinking conditions affect temperature distribution. It is found that the stretching surface shows enhanced thermal and mass transfer efficiency, due to a better distribution of nanoparticles and a reduction in boundary layer thickness. Also, it is seen that Penta-hybrid nanofluid increased the heat transfer rate by 5.71% as compared to tetra-hybrid nanofluids. Hence, these results support the penta-hybrid nanofluids for practical applications in fields such as photocatalysis, biomedical, and other energy storage systems. Further, the efficiency of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model used to forecast flow behavior and heat transfer rate is assessed and supported by the regression coefficient R=1. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Brinkman-Bard convection in a rotating-binary liquid saturated porous medium
The primary intent of the work is to investigate the linear and weakly non-linear stability analyses of natural convection in a rotating binary liquidsaturated porous medium. In the mathematical model, Newtonian binary liquid-saturated porous medium with uniform rotation subjected to stress-free isothermal boundaries and the validity of OseenBoussinesq approximation is considered in the study. Normal mode analysis is operated to acquire the DarcyRayleigh number expression in terms of the other parameters. The amount of heat and mass transfer rates are approximated at the lower boundary by performing weakly non-linear stability analysis using truncated Fourier series solution. The analysis of critical Rayleigh number, critical wave number, heat, and mass transfer is done for different values of parameters and discussed in detail with the help of plots and tables. Lewis number stabilizes the convective system, whereas increasing in the separation ratio coefficient destabilizes the convective system. Weakly nonlinear stability analysis reveals that the binary liquids with a smaller separation ratio coefficient transport the maximum heat and minimum mass compared to binary liquids with large separation ratio coefficient values. The amount of heat transport is enhanced by 14% with increase in the values of Ta whereas the same is diminished by 3.5 % and 5% respectively for the ? and Le. Thus, the effect of rotations pronounced on the onset of convection, heat and mass transports predominantly compared to the effect of binary mixtures parameters. The results of the classical RayleighBard convection and natural convection in a liquid-saturated porous medium with local thermal-equilibrium assumption can be obtained as a particular case of the study by setting the appropriate limits. 2025 Elsevier Ltd -
Advancing precision medicine: Uncovering biomarkers and strategies to mitigate immune-related adverse events in immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy
Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can have a major influence on patient outcomes, but their usage is frequently confounded by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have revolutionized cancer treatment by increasing anti-tumor immunity. With a focus on immunological dysregulation and the resulting tissue-specific toxicities, this review clarifies the fundamental processes of irAEs. We look at contemporary clinical treatment techniques to lessen the impact of these adverse events, such as the application of immunosuppressants and patient monitoring procedures. Additionally, it is emphasized how future research is necessary to find predictive biomarkers that can forecast the development of irAEs, allowing for early intervention and individualized therapy methods. In order to improve the therapeutic index of ICIs, we also examine the crucial balance between optimizing anti-tumor activity and reducing immunotoxicity. This study aims to further the existing discussion on enhancing the safety and effectiveness of ICI medicines, which will eventually improve cancer patient care, by pointing out possible research avenues. 2025 The Authors -
Chemical fingerprinting of Peganum harmala seeds via UVVis, XRD, TGA, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques; In vitro assessment of cytotoxic properties
Peganum harmala L., a perennial herb traditionally valued for medicinal and ritual uses, was comprehensively profiled to elucidate its chemical composition and cytotoxic potential. Methanolic seed extracts contained diverse primary and secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Proximate analysis revealed high moisture (45.88 %) and crude fibre (18.39 %) with moderate fat (14.74 %) and protein (7.67 %) levels. Spectroscopic studies supported the presence of ?-carboline alkaloids: FTIR spectra showed characteristic functional group vibrations, UVVis displayed a strong absorption at 440 nm, and X-ray diffraction revealed semi-crystalline patterns enriched in harmine and harmaline. GCMS provided definitive chemical identification, detecting harmine (53.13 %) and harmaline (39.12 %) as major constituents. Thermal analyses (TGADTA and DTG) indicated multiphase decomposition typical of complex organic matrices. Cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay on L929 fibroblast cells demonstrated a dose-dependent decline in cell viability, with an LC50 of 243.9 ?g/mL, signifying moderatehigh cytotoxic potential. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal significance of P. harmala and underscore its promise for phytomedicine, nutraceutical applications, and pharmaceutical research, while highlighting the necessity of standardized and regulated use to ensure efficacy and safety. 2025