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Biosynthesized AG nanoparticles: A promising pathway for bandgap tailoring
The unrivaled features and prospective applications promote graphene as a potent contender for next-generation nanodevices. But the realization of a tunable bandgap structure for zero-bandgap graphene at all times persists as a dilemma. In this work, a green approach is adopted for the bandgap modulation of graphene oxide (GO). The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced into the graphene matrix, and hence the bandgap was tailored for the formation of a semiconductor composite. The bare GO that has got a bandgap of 3.41 eV was tuned to 2.33 eV on the addition of AgNPs. The preparation of AgNPs using fruit extract of cyanococcus make the process greener, safer, and cost-effective. This paper intends to open a new venture towards the environment safe synthesis of semiconductor nanocomposite necessitate for optoelectronic and photovoltaic technologies. 2020 by the authors. -
Spider Monkey Crow Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning for Sentiment Classification and Information Retrieval
The epidemic increase in online reviews' growth made the sentiment classification a fascinating domain in academic and industrial research. The reviews assist several domains, which is complicated to gather annotated training data. Several sentiment classification methodologies are devised for performing the sentiment analysis, but retrieval of information is not accurately performed, less effective, and less convergence speed. In this paper, we propose a sentiment paper proposes a sentiment classification model, namely Spider Monkey Crow Optimization algorithm (SMCA), for training the deep recurrent neural network (DeepRNN). In this method, the telecom review is employed to remove stop words and stemming to eliminate inappropriate data to minimize user's seeking time. Meanwhile, the feature extraction is performed using SentiWordNet to derive the sentiments from the reviews. The extracted SentiWordNet features and other features, like elongated words, punctuation, hashtag, and numerical values, are employed in the DeepRNN for classifying sentiments. To retrieve the required review, the Fuzzy K-Nearest neighbor (Fuzzy-KNN) is employed to retrieve the review based on a distance measure. With rigorous assessments and experimentation, it is observed that the proposed SMCA-based DeepRNN performs better in terms of accuracy of 97.7%, precision of 95.5%, recall of 94.6%, and F1-score 96.7%, respectively. 2013 IEEE. -
Identification and structure-activity relationship studies of small molecule inhibitors of the human cathepsin D
Cathepsin D, an aspartyl protease, is an attractive therapeutic target for various diseases, primarily cancer and osteoarthritis. However, despite several small molecule cathepsin D inhibitors being developed, that are highly potent, most of them show poor microsomal stability, which in turn limits their clinical translation. Herein, we describe the design, optimization and evaluation of a series of novel non-peptidic acylguanidine based small molecule inhibitors of cathepsin D. Optimization of our hit compound 1a (IC50 = 29 nM) led to the highly potent mono sulphonamide analogue 4b (IC50 = 4 nM), however with poor microsomal stability (HLM: 177 and MLM: 177 ?l/min/mg). To further improve the microsomal stability while retaining the potency, we carried out an extensive structureactivity relationship screen which led to the identification of our optimised lead 24e (IC50 = 45 nM), with an improved microsomal stability (HLM: 59.1 and MLM: 86.8 ?l/min/mg). Our efforts reveal that 24e could be a good starting point or potential candidate for further preclinical studies against diseases where Cathepsin D plays an important role. 2020 Elsevier Ltd -
Flow of nanoliquid past a vertical plate with novel quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic Boussinesq approximation: Sensitivity analysis
The effects of quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic Boussinesq approximation are investigated on the heat transport of a 36 nm Al2O3 ? H2O nanofluid over a vertical plate. The modified Buongiorno model is used in the analysis that includes the effectual thermophysical properties of the nanofluid and the key slip mechanisms. Experimentally verified correlations are used for the thermophysical properties. The reduced nonlinear differential problem is solved numerically by the Finite Difference Method (FDM). Flow profiles are displayed and analyzed for changes in dimensionless parameters. Further, the heat transfer flux at the wall is analyzed for interactive impacts of the buoyancy ratio, Brownian random motion, and thermophoresis parameters using the face-centered Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A sensitivity analysis is carried out for the heat transfer flux of the nanoliquid. Quadratic thermal radiation was found to improve the temperature profile. Furthermore, the mechanisms of Brownian random motion and thermophoresis have a negative sensitivity towards the rate of heat transfer. In various thermal applications like solar collectors, the density variation in terms of temperature differences is significantly high. Such phenomena can be accurately modeled by utilizing the quadratic Boussinesq approximation and the novel quadratic thermal radiation aspect. 2020 Elsevier Ltd -
BSSA: Binary Salp Swarm Algorithm with Hybrid Data Transformation for Feature Selection
Feature selection is a technique commonly used in Data Mining and Machine Learning. Traditional feature selection methods, when applied to large datasets, generate a large number of feature subsets. Selecting optimal features within this high dimensional data space is time-consuming and negatively affects the system's performance. This paper proposes a new binary Salp Swarm Algorithm (bSSA) for selecting the best feature set from transformed datasets. The proposed feature selection method first transforms the original data-set using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and fast Independent Component Analysis (fastICA) based hybrid data transformation methods; next, a binary Salp Swarm optimizer is used for finding the best features. The proposed feature selection approach improves accuracy and eliminates the selection of irrelevant features. We validate our technique on fifteen different benchmark data sets. We conduct an extensive study to measure the performance and feature selection accuracy of the proposed technique. The proposed bSSA is compared to Binary Genetic Algorithm (bGA), Binary Binomial Cuckoo Search (bBCS), Binary Grey Wolf Optimizer (bGWO), Binary Competitive Swarm Optimizer (bCSO), and Binary Crow Search Algorithm (bCSA). The proposed method attains a mean accuracy of 95.26% with 7.78% features on PCA-fastICA transformed datasets. The results show that bSSA outperforms the existing methods for the majority of the performance measures. 2013 IEEE. -
A new meta-heuristic pathfinder algorithm for solving optimal allocation of solar photovoltaic system in multi-lateral distribution system for improving resilience
A new meta-heuristic Pathfinder Algorithm (PFA) is adopted in this paper for optimal allocation and simultaneous integration of a solar photovoltaic system among multi-laterals, called interline-photovoltaic (I-PV) system. At first, the performance of PFA is evaluated by solving the optimal allocation of distribution generation problem in IEEE 33- and 69-bus systems for loss minimization. The obtained results show that the performance of proposed PFA is superior to PSO, TLBO, CSA, and GOA and other approaches cited in literature. The comparison of different performance measures of 50 independent trail runs predominantly shows the effectiveness of PFA and its efficiency for global optima. Subsequently, PFA is implemented for determining the optimal I-PV configuration considering the resilience without compromising the various operational and radiality constraints. Different case studies are simulated and the impact of the I-PV system is analyzed in terms of voltage profile and voltage stability. The proposed optimal I-PV configuration resulted in loss reduction of 77.87% and 98.33% in IEEE 33- and 69-bus systems, respectively. Further, the reduced average voltage deviation index and increased voltage stability index result in an improved voltage profile and enhanced voltage stability margin in radial distribution systems and its suitability for practical applications. 2021, The Author(s). -
Analysis of unsteady flow of blood conveying iron oxide nanoparticles on melting surface due to free convection using Casson model
Iron oxide nanoparticles have great importance in future biomedical applications because of their intrinsic properties, such as low toxicity, colloidal stability, and surface engineering capability. So, blood containing iron oxide nanoparticles are used in biomedical sciences as contrast agents following intravenous administration. The current problem deals with an analysis of the melting heat transfer of blood consisting iron nanoparticles in the existence of free convection. The principal equations of the problem are extremely nonlinear partial differential equations which transmute into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying proper similarity transformations. The acquired similarity equalities are then solved numerically by Runge-Kutta Felhsberg 45th-order method. The results acquired are on the same level with past available results. Some noteworthy findings of the study are: the rate of heat transfer increases as the Casson parameter increases and also found that the temperature of the blood can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the Prandtl number. Hence, we conclude that flow and heat transfer of blood have significant clinical importance during the stages where the blood flow needs to be checked (surgery) and the heat transfer rate must be controlled (therapy). 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC -
Auto-diagnosis of covid-19 using lung ct images with semi-supervised shallow learning network
In the current world pandemic situation, the contagious Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised a real threat to human lives owing to infection on lung cells and human respiratory systems. It is a daunting task for the researchers to find suitable infection patterns on lung CT images for automated diagnosis of COVID-19. A novel integrated semi-supervised shallow neural network framework comprising a Parallel Quantum-Inspired Self-supervised Network (PQIS-Net) for automatic segmentation of lung CT images followed by Fully Connected (FC) layers, is proposed in this article. The proposed PQIS-Net model is aimed at providing fully automated segmentation of lung CT slices without incorporating pre-trained convolutional neural network based models. A parallel trinity of layered structure of quantum bits are interconnected using an N -connected second order neighborhood-based topology in the suggested PQIS-Net architecture for segmentation of lung CT slices with wide variations of local intensities. A random patch-based classification on PQIS-Net segmented slices is incorporated at the classification layers of the suggested semi-supervised shallow neural network framework. Intensive experiments have been conducted using three publicly available data sets, one for purely segmentation task and the other two for classification (COVID-19 diagnosis). The experimental outcome on segmentation of CT slices using self-supervised PQIS-Net and the diagnosis efficiency (Accuracy, Precision and AUC) of the integrated semi-supervised shallow framework is found to be promising. The proposed model is also found to be superior than the best state-of-the-art techniques and pre-trained convolutional neural network-based models, specially in COVID-19 and Mycoplasma Pneumonia (MP) screening. 2013 IEEE. -
Strength Development of Geopolymer Composites Made from Red Mud-Fly Ash as a Subgrade Material in Road Construction
The application of industrial waste in construction reduces the dependency on natural resources. The materials, including red mud (RM) and fly ash (FA), proved to be favorable materials. However, the materials potential together as a geopolymer composite for road applications has rarely been explored. This study will examine the possibility of the replacement of natural materials in subgrade applications. To achieve this, the geopolymer compositions will be prepared by replacing RM with FA at replacement rates of 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight basis. The alkaline activator solution of 8 M will be prepared using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate to develop geopolymer composites. The strength properties will be studied using the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and unconfined compression strength (UCS) and validated with microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results reveal that geopolymer composites could achieve a maximum CBR value of 12% and UCS of 2,700 kPa. The microstructural analysis revealed that the formation of dense calcium aluminate hydrate (C-A-H) and calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) are the reason for strength improvement. The leaching studies show that the toxic elements were within the permissible limits. Overall, the test results confirmed that the geopolymer composites meet the required strength and could be used as a subgrade material in road construction. 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers. -
Significance of quadratic thermal radiation and quadratic convection on boundary layer two-phase flow of a dusty nanoliquid past a vertical plate
Boundary layer two-phase flow of particulate Al2O3-H2O nanoliquid over a vertical flat plate is studied numerically subjected to the aspects of quadratic thermal convection and quadratic thermal radiation. The Khanafer-Vafai-Lightstone monophasic nanofluid model (KVL model) and Saffman's dusty fluid model are used for the equations governing the flow of dusty nanoliquids. The quadratic Boussinesq approximation is used together with the Prandtl's boundary layer approximation. The non-linear problem is treated with the finite difference method. Surface plots and streamlines are presented to visualize the results. A comparison of linear thermal radiation, quadratic thermal radiation, and nonlinear thermal radiation is performed. Among the three types of radiation, the greatest heat transfer is observed in nonlinear thermal radiation followed by quadratic thermal radiation and linear thermal radiation. Also, in the presence of quadratic convection, the heat transport, and velocity field get enhanced. It is found that the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles of 3% volume concentration in particulate water effectively advances the heat transport of the system. However, heat transport gets reduced by increasing the mass fraction of dust particles. Furthermore, in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, the velocity of the dusty nanoliquid gets reduced. 2020 -
Collaborative intrusion detection system in cognitive smart city network (CSC-Net)
Smart environment is about incorporating smart thinking in the environment and implementing the technical intervention that improvise the city's environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides solutions in huge technological issues in various aspects of day-to-day life such as autonomous transportation, governance, healthcare, agriculture, maintenance, logistics, and education that are automated, managed, controlled, and accessed remotely with the aid of smart devices. Cognitive computing is denoted as a next-generation AI-dependent method that gives human-computer interactions with personalized services that replicate manual behavior. Simultaneously, massive data is generated from the applications of the smart city like smart transportation, retail industry, healthcare, and governance. It is necessary to obtain a reliable, sustainable, continuous, and secure framework in the cloud centralized infrastructure. In this research article, the authors proposed the architecture of cognitive smart city network (CSC-Net) that defines how data are collected from applications of smart city and scrutinized by cognitive computing. This research article predicts the mobile edge computing solution (MEC) that permits node collaboration between internet of things (IoT) devices for providing secure and reliable communication among smart devices and fog layer, conversely fog layer and cloud layer. This proposed work helps to reduce the excessive traffic flow in smart environment with the support of node to node communication protocols. Collaborative-dependent intrusion detection system (C-IDS) is proposed to solve the data security issues in fog and cloud layers. Copyright 2021, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. -
Pink floyd's time: An aural metanarrative exploring time through form, lyric, and musical arrangement
The inability of language to capture the essence of time is a crisis that has been expressed by philosophers starting from St. Augustine to Paul Ricoeur. Appearing on their seminal album, Dark Side of the Moon, Pink Floyd's Time is a profound artistic attempt which transcends this language barrier by using music to bring the listeners to a more direct confrontation with time; doing so by juxtaposing time as calibrated and as experienced through the music and the lyrics, and by making the reader experience time-based affects such as impatience, expectation, monotony, and such. As a direct function of song, time is experienced as musical time in the song, thereby ensuring that the listener's confrontation with time is immersive, with lyrics that describe the nature of experienced and calibrated time working synchronously with the music to complete the image. In the context of its release in 1974, the 6:52 minute song was in engagement with the concept of time as well, in that it was among the pioneering ones which redefined radio broadcast time beyond the standard 3 minutes afforded to popular music tracks, with the commercially preferred listener span in mind. The matter of time thus becomes a multi-layered formal engagement in the song, at the level of lyric, recording, music and listening, thereby making possible an image of time that is polished and rounded. These aural, lyrical and production-based concepts will be addressed and expanded upon to show how Pink Floyd's Time functions as a metanarrative in how it uses and invokes the elements of time to talk about time. AesthetixMS 2020. -
Effect of background music and the cultural preference to music on adolescents task performance
There is a plethora of research assessesing the effect of background music on task performance; however, these results have largely been inconclusive and divided. Music is a powerful medium that possesses a lot of positive benefits. This paper addresses the gaps in the existing literature and attempts to explore the effect of background music on adolescents performance in a reading comprehension task. It also examines the role of culture in the said effect of performance, by assessing whether ones own culture leads to a better performance when compared to both silence and music from a different culture. To this end, an experimental study was conducted on 34 adolescents between the ages of 1314 (M = 13.50, SD = 0.50). The results indicate that a strong positive effect is achieved on task performance when background music is present, especially one that identifies with the participants cultural background. 2020, 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Redefined families and subsystems: Reading kinship and hierarchical structures in select Hijra autobiographies
Hijras or transwomen in India are gendered identities, but their identities cannot be reduced to the conceptual framework and analysis of sex, gender and sexuality. Being the minority in India, transgender lives intersect with caste, class, kinship and hierarchy. The study locates these intersections within the scope of the select hijra autobiographies; The Truth About Me: A Hijra Life Story by A. Revathi and I am Vidya by Vidya. The study looks at the notions of family which are traditionally woven in heteronormative and patriarchal setups. It examines the gharanas system or subsystems in hijra communities that redefines the structures and hierarchies of the family, and designating the fellow elder hijras with the relation of mata (mother) and cela (disciple), thus forming a kinship which is located beyond the caste, class and religious structures. The emphasis is to study how families are inserted in heteronormative perspectives and argues a redefining of the notion of family,and to establish and recognize the newer perspectives on family which lies outside the traditional setup. AesthetixMS 2020. -
Biotransformation of bovine tannery fleshing into utilizable product with multifunctionalities
Leather industries aim at the transformation of putrescible animal raw hides and skins into a stable non-putrescible material (leather), ultimately resulting in solid wastes generation. Storage of limed bovine fleshing, a predominant proteinaceous solid waste material from pre-tanning processes is highly discouraged due to their putrescible nature. Diversely, bio-conversion of solid waste into a saleable product could be achieved by bacterial fermentation process. Lactic acid (LA) fermentation with Delimed Bovine Tannery Fleshing (DBTF) by Lactobacillus plantarum was experimented; incubation time, tapioca flour and lactose were the three prime independent variables studied. Maximum LA production in steam cooked DBTF medium was achieved with pH 6; inoculum 12.5% (v/w); lactose 8.81% (w/w) and tapioca flour 8.9% (w/w) at 96 hours of fermentation. Initial yield of about 4.56 g/L of LA (p <.05), upon statistical manipulation of the medium composition marked up to 12.36 g/L, enabling 2.7-fold increase in the LA production with DBTF as a relatively cut-rate substrate. Fermentation resulted in Fermented Fleshing Flour (FFF) with marked protein level of 76.32% and lower fibre content. Formation of protein hydrolysates and new acid groups in FFF were authenticated via Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses respectively. In situ acid (LA) generation and formation of protein hydrolysates/free amino acids during LA fermentation points to the antibacterial (against Gram-negative bacteria, followed by Gram-positive bacteria) and invitro antioxidative properties with dose dependency, of FFF, favouring its possible utilization in aqua feed industries as a superior grade proteinaceous feed ingredient with inbuilt bio-functionalities.. 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Significance of Joule heating and viscous heating on heat transport of MoS2Ag hybrid nanofluid past an isothermal wedge
The problem of flow and heat transport of magneto-composite nanofluid over an isothermal wedge has not been addressed in the literature up to yet. Thus, this article features the laminar transport of Newtonian composite nanomaterial (C2H6O2H2O hybrid base liquid + MoS2Ag hybrid nanoparticles) in the presence of exponential space- and temperature-dependent heat source past an isothermal wedge. An incompressible and electrically conducting fluid is assumed. The effects of Joule heating and viscous heating are also accounted. Single-phase nanofluid model and boundary layer approximation are utilized to govern the equations of flow and heat transport phenomena. The solution of the simplified coupled system of dimensionless constraints is obtained by using the RungeKuttaFehlberg method based on the shooting technique. Detailed analysis of active quantities of interest has been presented and discussed. The interesting physical quantities (friction factors and Nusselt number) are estimated. Also, the slope of the data point is calculated in order to estimate the amount of decrease/increase in physical quantities. 2020, Akadiai Kiad Budapest, Hungary. -
Friction and wear behaviour of HVOF sprayed Cr2O3-TiO2 coatings on aluminium alloy
This study investigates the tribological behaviour of Cr2O3-TiO2 composite coatings deposited on aluminium 6061 alloy. Cr2O3-TiO2 composite coatings were deposited by high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) technique. Developed coatings were subjected to microstructure studies, microhardness test (ASTM E92), friction and wear test (ASTM G99). Pin-on-disc machine was used to evaluate friction and wear characteristics of Cr2O3-TiO2 coatings. Effect of sliding velocity (0.314 m/s-1.26 m/s) and load (20 N-100 N) on friction and wear characteristics of Cr2O3-TiO2 coatings were studied and compared with uncoated aluminium alloy. Results showed 54% improvement in hardness of Cr2O3-TiO2 coatings in comparison with aluminium alloy. Coefficient of friction and wear rate decreases by 12% and 48% respectively when evaluated with uncoated aluminium alloy. Coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate increases with increase in load and sliding velocity for both coatings and substrate. However, Cr2O3-TiO2 coatings showed lower wear rate and COF at all the loads and sliding velocities studied when compared with uncoated aluminium alloy. Worn out surfaces of uncoated and Cr2O3-TiO2 coated surfaces were subjected to SEM analysis to understand the wear mechanisms in composite coatings. 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.. All rights reserved. -
Origin and diversification of Indian Ceropegieae (Apocynaceae) and its possible relation to the Indian monsoon
The Indian subcontinent has experienced a major shift in climatic regime from a wet tropical regime to increased seasonal rainfall, since the late Miocene. This shift has been attributed to the intensification of monsoons, which led to opening up of dry habitats in humid forests and formation of deciduous forests. We explored the role of this climatic shift in the origin and diversification of dry-adapted plant genera Ceropegia and Brachystelma (Ceropegiae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae). We sampled Ceropegia and Brachystelma from across India and used five markers (two nuclear and three plastid regions) to reconstruct a global phylogeny of this group. Indian members of the tribe Ceropegiae were derived from Africa through at least four independent dispersal events. All dispersal events occurred in late Miocene after establishment of a monsoon climate. One of these early dispersing lineages underwent rapid radiation in peninsular India, giving rise to around 50 species. Thus, both dispersal and diversification events coincided with the intensification of monsoons and concomitant aridification. The role of environment in the evolution of floral characteristics and root type in the Indian radiation is also discussed. This is one of the first reports on a dry-adapted endemic radiation of plants in India. 2020 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences -
Properties of alkali-activated concrete (AAC) incorporating demolished building waste (DBW) as aggregates
This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of demolished building waste (DBW) as aggregates in alkali-activated concrete (AAC). A recent road-widening activity led to the demolition of commercial buildings along National Highway 275, Bangalore-Bantwal, India. DBW was collected from these sites and processed manually at the laboratory facility of CHRIST (Deemed to be University). Processing of DBW was done to obtain both waste coarse and fine aggregates from demolished concrete and brick waste units, respectively. AAC was synthesized by fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, along with waste aggregate replacement rates of 0, 25, 50, and 75% by weight of natural aggregates. Fresh and hardened properties of developed concrete mixtures were experimentally determined. Results of the study indicate that 28-day compressive strength of 30.4 and 21 MPa was obtained for AAC with 25 and 50% DBW aggregates, which was 8.6 and 36.9% lower than control mix, respectively. Further, there was an increase in the water absorption and a reduction to acid resistance for all the AAC mixes with DBW aggregates. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that AAC with 25 and 50% DBW aggregates find great potential in civil engineering applications. 2021 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license. -
Carrying capacity assessment for religious crowd management - An application to sabarimala mass gathering pilgrimage, India
Crowd Management is always a challenging task when people gather in large numbers. Crowd disasters in India, including recurring incidents at religious venues, demands a crowd management system developed on the characteristics of the place, event, and participants. Assessment of carrying capacity is the prime process to design crowd management protocols and regulations. Carrying capacity assessment of religious gathering venues in India is often an overlooked process. The present study assessed the crowd carrying capacity of Sabarimala pilgrimage, Kerala, India. Physical carrying capacity assessment methods used for tourism venues have been applied and contextualised for crowd carrying capacity assessment. Characteristics of the venue, pilgrimage and pilgrims were studied to map the active crowd area and space utilisation zones. The physical carrying capacity was estimated based on the comfortable crowd density and threshold crowd density assessments. The study identified two factors influencing pilgrim movement within the venue viz. service level at the holy step and capacity of the darshan facility. Service level at the holy step is the prime factor that regulates the flow of the pilgrim within the venue including the pilgrim movement for deity darshan and hence the comfortable capacity of the holy step was distinguished as the effective carrying capacity of the venue. Physical carrying capacity at the comfortable crowd density has to be maintained throughout the event to avoid the triggering of crowd crushes. The crowd carrying capacity assessment (CCCA) method applied in this study is a simple process. Considering the crowd density and crowd regulation factors, the CCCA method can be applied to design crowd management protocols of other religious pilgrimage destinations in India. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage