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EEG Neurofeedback Training in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cognitive and Behavioral Outcome Study
Background. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood disorder with symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. EEG neurofeedback training (NFT) is a new intervention modality based on operant conditioning of brain activity, which helps reduce symptoms of ADHD in children. Methods and Procedures. To examine the efficacy of NFT in children with ADHD, an experimental longitudinal design with pre-post comparison was adopted. A total of 30 children in the age range of 6 to 12 years diagnosed as ADHD with or without comorbid conditions were assigned to treatment group (TG; n = 15) and treatment as usual group (TAU; n = 15). TG received EEG-NFT along with routine clinical management and TAU received routine clinical management alone. Forty sessions of theta/beta NFT at the C3 scalp location, 3 to 4 sessions in a week for a period of 3.5 to 5 months were given to children in TG. Children were screened using sociodemographic data and Binet-Kamat test of intelligence. Pre-and postassessment tools were neuropsychological tests and behavioral scales. Follow-up was carried out on 8 children in TG using parent-rated behavioral measures. Results. Improvement was reported in TG on cognitive functions (sustained attention, verbal working memory, and response inhibition), parent- and teacher-rated behavior problems and on academic performance rated by teachers. Follow-up of children who received NFT showed sustained improvement in ADHD symptoms when assessed 6 months after receiving NFT. Conclusion. The present study suggests that NFT is an effective method to enhance cognitive deficits and helps reduce ADHD symptoms and behavior problems. Consequently, academic performance was found to be improved in children with ADHD. Improvement in ADHD symptoms induced by NFT were maintained at 6-month follow-up in children with ADHD. EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ECNS) 2018. -
EEG Signals Acquisition and Processing of Mental Tasks for Controlling Smart Systems
With the help of this biosignal, we can create various kinds of interfaces. These interfaces were especially used for paralyzed individuals who have problems in the normal bio-sensor channels. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals play a vital role in semi-paralyzed and fully paralyzed individuals to make communication with their caretakers. EEG signals are used not only for paralyzed individuals, nowadays most of home appliances are designed due to their reliability and accuracy. EEG based Smart devices are very easy to operate because signals are generated by the human brain automatically whenever the task is performed by humans. Through this research, we discussed the basic methodology needed for interfacing the EEG signals with smart devices. From this paper, most of the researchers will be going to know how to connect the EEG signals with the smart systems to control the external devices and induce the researchers to apply the EEG signals in real time. 2023 IEEE. -
EFFECT OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER ON RAYLEIGH-B??NARD CONVECTION IN A COUPLE-STRESS FLUID
The problem of Rayleigh-Benard convection in a couple-stress fluid with thermal radiation is studied within the framework of linear stability analysis. Only infinitesimal disturbances are considered. The linear stability analysis is based on the normal mode technique. The fluid between the boundaries absorbs and emits thermal radiation. The boundaries are treated as black bodies. The absorption coefficient of the fluid is assumed to be the same at all wavelengths and to be independent of the physical state. The principle of exchange of stabilities is valid and the existence of oscillatory instability is ruled out. The expression for the stationary Rayleigh number is obtained as a function of the governing parameters, viz., the wave number, the couple-stress parameter, the conduction-radiation parameter and the absorptivity parameter. The Galerkin method is used to determine the eigenvalues. The effect of various parameters on the stability of the fluid layer is discussed through figures and tables. -
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE MODULATION ON RAYLEIGH-B??NARD CONVECTION IN A ROTATING LAYER OF A FERROMAGNETIC FLUID
The stability of a rotating horizontal layer of ferromagnetic fluid heated from below is examined when, in addition to a steady temperature difference between the walls of the layer, a time-dependent sinusoidal perturbation is applied to the wall temperatures. Only infinitesimal disturbances are considered. The effects of the oscillating temperature field are treated by a perturbation expansion in powers of the amplitude of the applied field. The onset criterion is derived when the condition for the principle of exchange of stabilities is valid. The shift in the critical Rayleigh number is calculated as a function of the frequency of modulation, magnetic parameters, Taylor number and Prandtl number. The effect of various parameters is found to be significant for moderate values of the frequency of modulation. It is shown that, when the thermal excitation is symmetric, supercritical motion is more pronounced for low Prandtl number ferro fluids. Further, for the case in which only the bottom wall temperature is modulated, the effect of rotation is to stabilize the system at low frequencies and the opposite is true for moderately large frequencies. The problem throws light on external means of controlling convection in ferromagnetic fluid applications. -
Effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on Rayleigh-Benard convection in a micropolar fluid
The qualitative effect of a non-uniform basic temperature gradient on the linear stability analysis of the Rayleigh-Benard convection in an Eringen's micropolar fluid is studied numerically using a single-term Galerkin technique. The eigenvalue is obtained for free-free, rigid-free, and rigid-rigid velocity boundary combinations with isothermal and adiabatic temperature conditions on the spin-vanishing boundaries. The eigenvalues are also obtained for lower rigid isothermal and upper free adiabatic boundaries with vanishing spin. The influence of various micropolar fluid parameters on the onset of stationary convection has been analysed. Six different basic temperature profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. It is observed that the Rayleigh number obtained is lower than that of the corresponding Newtonian fluid problem. Some important mechanisms of advancing or delaying convection are discussed. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. -
Effect of a novel sintering technique: hot coining on microstructure and mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced Al metal matrix nanocomposite
Fabrication of MWCNT-reinforced nanocomposites with uniform distribution is still remaining as a challenge. Even for researchers who achieved uniform distribution in powder, boundary agglomerations are observed after sintering. Hot coining (HC) a novel technique for bulk sampling can achieve uniform distribution during sintering. Several mechanical testing and characterisation methods are applied closely to explore the mechanical properties and structural features of the hot coined AA2219-MWCNT composites. Hot coining results in significant improvement of mechanical properties when reinforced with 0.75wt.% MWCNT shows 38.8 % (Rockwell hardness), 106% (UTS), 183 % (impact strength) and 76% (radial crushing strength). But retardation in mechanical properties was observed above 0.75wt. %. During HC particle rearrangement and pushing of MWCNT towards particle boundary is not taking place as in other conventional and advanced sintering technology. The fracture surface of HC tensile specimen shows uniform dispersion and MWCNT alignment in the matrix. The fracture surface shows the mixed mode of fracture (ductile-brittle), and ductility is found to be decreasing with increased MWCNT concentration. 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Effect of a surface polarized layer on the optical properties of a nematic cell
The optical properties of a cell of nematic liquid crystal presenting a tilted surface polarization submitted to an electric field are theoretically investigated. The origin of the surface polarization is assumed to be related to the interaction of the nematic molecules with the substrate and to the polar order due to the cell filling procedure. The analysis shows that the coupling of the surface polarization with the external field has different effects on the two surfaces limiting the sample. On one of them, the coupling gives rise, in an unbounded sample, to a continuous variation of the easy angle, whereas on the other one it is responsible for a first-order like transition of the easy axis orientation. For a sample of finite thickness our analysis shows that in the presence of a coupling between the two surfaces, operated by the elastic properties of the liquid crystal, the abrupt variation of the easy axis on one of the surfaces induces also on the other surface a discontinuity on the nematic surface orientation. The optical transmission of the cell versus the amplitude of the applied voltage, for an impinging monochromatic linearly polarized light, presents a discontinuity for the critical voltage at which the first-order transition of the surface tilt angles appears. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence
The emergence of Diet Culture came into existence with the era of pop culture, which emphasized the idea of body improvement by embracing the portrayal of unrealistic beauty standards set by the thin-ideal media. This growing and trending culture gained its popularity in India with the COVID pandemic and the imposed lockdown, wherein the prevalence of obesity and binge eating resulted from counter-regulatory eating behaviors and restrictive food intake to a greater extent of skipping meals to achieve the desired body type. The present empirical investigation focuses on understanding the gender and age-based differences (between the ages 18 to 55) among Indian population on dietary patterns, body image, mindful eating and physical appearance confidence using 2 3 factorial design. The tools used were Eating Behavior Pattern Questionnaire (EBPQ) [43], Body Self- image Questionnaire (BSIQ) [40], Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) [18] and Personal Evaluation Inventory (PEI) [44] were administered on a sample size of 120, selected using convenience sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Results of the study reveal non-significant age and gender differences for mindful eating and appearance confidence. Significant age- differences were observed for Snacking and convenience F(2,114) = 6.22, p <.05; social dependence F(2,114) = 3.87, p <.05 and height dissatisfaction F(2,114) = 8.79, p <.05. And, significant gender differences were observed for Meal Skipping F(1,114) = 6.46, P <.05; snacking and convenience F(1,114) = 4.19, p <.05; fatness evaluation F(1,114) = 5.94, p <.05 and fitness evaluation F(1,114) = 5.33, p <.05. The only significant interaction effect observed was for social dependence dimension F(2, 114) = 3.96, p <.05. Thus, high exposure to social media and diet-related content contributed significantly to changing dietary patterns, and how they look, feel or perceive their body. 2023, BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature. -
Effect of alkyl chain length on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in a simulated hydrochloric acid medium by a phosphonium based inhibitor
The corrosion inhibiting effect of three synthesised phosphonium containing ionic liquids of varying alkyl chain length, namely, butyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide (BTPPB), hexyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide (HTPPB) and hexadecyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide (HDTPPB) on mild steel, was evaluated in 1 M HCl medium. The corrosion inhibition performance was studied by gravimetric method, potentiodynamic polarization studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and quantum chemical studies (DFT). However, the results of the SEM, AFM and contact angle tests confirmed that the protective layer formed on the mild steel. Furthermore, assessed the theoretical calculations for exploring the inhibition mechanism. A maximum of 95.77% inhibition efficiency was achieved using 250 ppm of HDTPPB. The obtained results showed that HDTPPB has greater inhibition ability than BTPPB and HTPPB. Adsorption studies obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the increased alkyl chain length of ionic liquids did increase their inhibition efficiency. 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Effect of Animal Assisted Therapy among Children with Autism
Animal Assisted Therapy (AAT) is still at a very infancy stage of growth as a therapy mode in India. People are slowly getting to know of this and its positive effects for different populations like special kids, people in their old age, and terminally ill patients amongst the many others. Hence the choice to experience this is now gradually increasing in cities that provide AAT. In this present study the aim was to assess the effectiveness of AAT among children with autism. Specifically the focus was to see if AAT does affect the dimensions of communication, social and motor skills in children with autism. To do the same, a case study method was employed in order to derive an in-depth knowledge of the changes and improvements in the child. A multiple technique of data collection was employed wherein data was obtained via semi-structured interviews, observation and medical reports. The data obtained were transcribed and coded and put through a case analysis. The results obtained state that there have been improvements in the dimension of communication and social skills in the autistic children who were a part of this study. Motor skills however have not been significantly enhanced in almost all of them or rather the changes have not been very substantial. In view of the people providing information, the positive shift in these areas could be attributed to AAT but not solely as there could be other therapies and techniques that could have played a role in it. Key Words: Animal Assisted Therapy, Autism, Communication Skills, Social Skills, Motor Skills. -
EFFECT OF ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY ON DEPRESSION, MEMORY, ATTENTION, AND EMOTION REGULATION
Introduction: The mere presence of a dog in a therapeutic setup is known to bring about more positive outcomes when incorporated in therapy, dogs can bring about multifarious benefits which are not entirely tapped upon. Aim: This research aimed to study the effect of animal-assisted therapy (AAT), with therapy dogs, on depressive symptoms, emotional regulation, memory and attention of individuals. Method: A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research design was used. Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) for memory and attention, Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were used for pre and post-testing 1 week before and post the intervention. Results: The findings reveal a positive impact of AAT on the given domains of memory, attention, emotion regulation and depressive symptoms, in the experimental group. No significant changes were obtained for the control group. Discussion: The results help validate the module of AAT to improve an individuals cognitive functioning and alleviate depressive and emotional dysregulations. Further implications are discussed. 2023, Institute for Human Rehabilitation. All rights reserved. -
Effect of annealing and oxygen partial pressure on the RF sputtered WO3 thin films for electrochromic applications
the electrochromic thin layer of Tungsten trioxide (WO3) was RF sputtered on FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) slide. In a reactive Ar + O2 gas environment with varying oxygen partial pressures, the deposition continued. The samples were air annealed at 400 C for 2 h after being deposited at room temperature. SEM, XRD, UVVisible spectrometer, and electrochemical analyzer characterization methods were employed to analyze the surface, structural morphology, optical, and electrochromic behaviour of the deposited material after annealing. The Optical Bandgap and Transmittance were found to be of a higher value for air annealed samples than RT deposited samples because RT deposited samples are amorphous whereas air annealed samples exhibit crystalline nature with Oxidation, reduction peak currents variation with respect to the temperature. 2021 -
Effect of audiovisual aids and blended teaching on english performance and self-confidence of IX standard students in government schools of Manipur
For a productive teaching-learning process, proper planning and direction is required since the process in itself is the key to a person's progress and development. Accordingly, resources which aid in the teaching and learning process should be selected judiciously and in harmony with the concept in question. Audiovisual aids are sensory objects and images which stimulate and emphasize the learning process. The use of visual aid in teaching has the potential to increase "human bandwidth": the capacity to absorb, to comprehend, and to effectively synthesize the information into new knowledge. Blended teaching is a kind of e-learning which utilizes a scope of instruments and instructive guides to make a learning environment interactive synchronously or asynchronously and improves the learning procedure by offering projects and courses electronically by means of various mixed media specialized devices. The result indicates that there is an impact of the use of audiovisual aids and blended teaching in English performance and self-confidence of the students. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
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Effect of background music and the cultural preference to music on adolescents task performance
There is a plethora of research assessesing the effect of background music on task performance; however, these results have largely been inconclusive and divided. Music is a powerful medium that possesses a lot of positive benefits. This paper addresses the gaps in the existing literature and attempts to explore the effect of background music on adolescents performance in a reading comprehension task. It also examines the role of culture in the said effect of performance, by assessing whether ones own culture leads to a better performance when compared to both silence and music from a different culture. To this end, an experimental study was conducted on 34 adolescents between the ages of 1314 (M = 13.50, SD = 0.50). The results indicate that a strong positive effect is achieved on task performance when background music is present, especially one that identifies with the participants cultural background. 2020, 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Effect of basalt fiber hybridization on mechanical properties of silk fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Poor mechanical properties and constraints on production presently limit the utilization of bio-based reinforcing agents to non-structural and structural automotive elements. The conjugation of natural fibre with volcanic rock fibre provides a way to improve the mechanical properties of composites over natural fibre alone. In this study, physico-mechanical properties of hybrid fibre (silk and basalt) reinforced epoxy composites were found by experimentation following acceptable ASTM standards. Hybrid composites were produced by combining silk/basalt fibres in the ratio of 50:0, 25:25 and 30:20, whereas overall weight fraction was maintained at 0.5. The experimental results showed that the performance of combined fibres were superior compared to that of silk fibre bolstered epoxy composites. Among the 2 varieties of hybrids, the silk/basalt (25:25 by weight ratio) combination offered the very best hardness, strength, modulus, and toughness to the epoxy matrix owing to the similar modulus and synergistic interaction between the two reinforcing fibres. The results also steered that the morphology and surface adhesion affected the strength of the hybrid composites. These observations give insight into the advantages of various fibre reinforcements to the mechanical performance of epoxy matrix which is considered to be brittle. The failure mechanisms and the adhesion between fibres and matrix were studied by analysing the photomicrographs of broken coupons. 2020 Elsevier Ltd. -
Effect of calcination temperature on surface morphology and photocatalytic activity in TiO2 thin films prepared by Spin Coating technique
TiO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrate using Sol-Gel derived precursor by Spin Coating technique at different calcination temperatures. Structural identity of the prepared films was con-firmed by powder X-ray diffraction measurements. Morphology of the films was monitored using Atomic force microscopy and it was observed that calcination temperature of 400 C favored TiO2 nano-fibers. Photocatalytic activity of the films was checked by observing the degradation of herbicide Atrazine in UV region and the percentage of degradation was analyzed by HPLC method. 2014 BCREC UNDIP. All rights reserved. -
Effect of calcium sulfoaluminate additive on linear deformation at different humidity and strength of cement mortars
The effect of calcium Sulfoaluminate additives (CSA) on the compression and bending strength of mortar, as well as linear deformation of prism samples at different environmental humidity was studied. Test results indicate that bending strength of mortars with CSA and the referent at the age of 28 days are practically equal. Compressive strength of mortars with CSA reduced by 20... 23% for all dosages of CSA. Relative linear deformations depend on the humidity of the environment. At a humidity of 100%, the relative linear deformations are positive and the expansion increases with increasing dosage of the expanding additive. When hardening in dry air at a humidity of 55%, the greatest shrinkage deformations were observed for mortars with CSA. We can conclude that the expanding effect of CSA is fully manifested at high humidity, i.e. under construction conditions, this means very high-quality moisture care for concrete structures. The Authors 2020. -
Effect of Chicken Feather Hydrolysate on Growth of Spinach through Soil Amendment Method: Unraveling A Potential Liquid Biofertilizer
The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of chicken feather hydrolysate for promoting the growth of Spinacia oleracea L., a commonly consumed leafy green vegetable. An earlier isolated and identified keratinolytic bacterial species Bacillus tropicus was utilized for the preparation of chicken feather hydrolysate through submerged fermentation. Minimal media which was supplemented with chicken feather was used for the preparation of hydrolysate. The bacterial strain degraded chicken feather within 4 days of incubation after which the feather hydrolysate was collected and tested to check plant growth promoting activity through the seed germination trials and greenhouse study. Upon characterization of feather hydrolysate, it was found that the hydrolysate was a cocktail of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium (NPK) as well as other micro elements needed for plant growth. Four different concentrations of feather hydrolysate were employed for both the seed germination and greenhouse study which ranged from 25% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 35% (v/v) and 40% (v/v) including a control group (CN) which was not supplemented with feather hydrolysate. The hydrolysate supplementation brought about plant growth in all the four test concentrations with 35% (v/v) giving the highest result of 14 cm and 27.6 mg/g for tested parameters like plumule length and total chlorophyll content, respectively. The same concentration supported maximum seed germination and highest radicle extension for the germination studies as well. This study investigates the efficacy of chicken feather hydrolysate in promoting spinach growth, elucidating its potential as a fertilizer. The Author(s) 2024. Open Access.