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Effect of compression ratio on performance and emission characteristics of dual spark plug ignition engine fueled with n-butanol as additive fuel
Renewable energy called normal-butanol is a possible alternative fuel for automobile vehicles like some other possible fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol, and methanol. Bio-butanol or normal-butanol is also a meritable energy source to substitute for regular fossil fuels. The normal-butanol has recently started to use as a possible substitute fuel to regular fuels for internal combustion engines to attain eco-friendly and capital benefits. As compared to regular energy sources in internal combustion engines, normal-butanol has some benefits, so it shows the potential to decrease tailpipe emission and an increase in positive network delivery. The current work carried out to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of dual spark plug ignition engine fuelled with normal-butanol as additive fuel by adopting 10:1 and 10.5:1 compression ratios. The experimental results reveal that when compared between 10:1 and 10.5:1 compression ratios, brake power (BP) is increased by 3.5 % and 3.2 % for normal-Butanol 35 (nB35) blend and energy efficiency increased by 2.72 % and 2.14 % for nB35 blend at a part and full load for 10.5:1 compression ratio. The n-butanol create a greater impact on tailpipe emissions that the carbon monoxide (CO) decreased by 32 %, 29 %, and hydrocarbon (HC) reduced by 2.38 % and 2.22 % for nB35 blend at a part and full load condition respectively. The experimental results on dual spark ignition engine using n-butanol as additive fuel by varying compression ratio reveals that n-butanol can be a suitable replacement energy source for the automobile sector in the nearest future. 2021. The Authors. Published by CBIORE. -
Effect of Computer Learning on performance in early Architecture Education
A mixed cohort of students with different experience backgrounds join the architecture degree. While some are well familiar with the user interface of computer and 3-D digital tools, others are not. The effect of such prior knowledge and their corresponding digital and analog performance in a designed experiment was evaluated with a sample of 38 first-year students. This was done to understand the performance effects of previous computer learning in students. Computer learning of the sample was studied in terms of years of computer exposure, the number of software known, and knowledge of 3D software or SketchUp. The results suggest that none of the factors contributed to the digital performance of students. This provided suggestions regarding the computer teaching emphasis which should be placed on students having less computer learning. 2022, Rajarambapu Institute Of Technology. All rights reserved. -
Effect Of Cooperative Learning Strategies on Self-Directed Learning and Reflective Thinking of Pre-Service Teachers
Cooperative learning (CL) research demonstrates its robustness. While acknowledging the empirical benefits, there is room for improvement in implementing CL in teacher education classrooms. Teacher educators often resist adopting CL, favouring the frontal teaching method. The cultivation of self-directed learning and reflective newlinethinking is crucial for pre-service teachers (PSTs) to evolve into lifelong learners, newlinemeeting the demands of 21st-century classrooms. Online cooperative learning (OCL) newlineplays a vital role in enhancing essential skill sets such as collaboration, digital newlineproficiency, communication, and interaction among pre-service teachers. This study newlineunfolded in two phases. The initial pilot study, utilizing a concurrent triangulation newlinemixed-method research design, delved into perceived challenges faced by teacher newlineeducators in India regarding cooperative learning implementation. The subsequent newlineexperimental stage employed a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group newlinedesign to investigate the impact of OCL strategies on self-directed learning (SDL) and reflective thinking (RT) among Indian pre-service teachers. Following the newlineintervention with OCL modules, the researcher also assessed pre-service teachers newlinesatisfaction and perceptions towards OCL, utilizing a mixed-method research approach with concurrent triangulation. The sample for experimental stage encompassed 130 pre-service teachers from two teacher education colleges affiliated with Mangalore University, Karnataka, India. The researcher constructed OCL intervention modules for the study and experts validated it. The researcher adopted standardized instrument for measuring SDL by Acar et al. (2016), and standardised instrument for measuring RT by Kember et al. (2000). The pilot study revealed that teacher educators perceived challenges at an average rate of 63% due to teacher challenges, learner challenges, curriculum syllabus, and administrative challenges. -
Effect of Copper and Cobalt Metal Complex Redox Mediator Based Xanthan Gum Gel Electrolyte Materials on Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
In this study, we report the first application of (4-(tert-butyl) benzyl or 4-methyl benzyl)-substituted 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]-imidazole coordinated copper and cobalt redox shuttles Cu [((tbb) pbi)2]+1/+2, Cu [(mbpbi)2]+1/+2, Co [((tbb) pbi)3]+2/+3 and Co [(mbpbi)3]+2/+3 based xanthan gum gel electrolytes (XGE-1, XGE-2, XGE-3 and XGE-4) in fabrication of Dye sensitized solar cells. Interestingly, XGE-1 and XGE-2 obtained higher efficiency of 4.08 and 3.04 % under 1sun illumination. Specifically, highly donor moiety 4-(tert-butyl)benzyl)-substituted (on N?H position) 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-benzo[d]-imidazole ligands coordinated, Cu [((tbb) pbi)2]+1/+2 gel electrolyte achieved best performance due to its appropriate redox potential of 0.80 V versus Normal Hydrogen Electrode. This high performance also confirmed with the interfacial studies of the devices. As per the computational results, the copper redox mediators conquered lower reorganization energy and free energy about (0.11-0.20 & 0.180.27 eV) due to the effect of ligands structure. Overall, Cu [((tbb) pbi)2]+1/+2 act as redox shuttle for highly proficient DSSCs. 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Effect of coriolis force and gravity modulation on the onset of Rayleigh-Benard convection in weak electrically conducting boussinesq-stokes suspension /
The effect of coriolis force and gravity modulation of small amplitude on a weak electrically conducting Boussinesq- Stokes suspension is investigated by using a linear stability analysis. A regular perturbation method is used to arrive at an expression for the correction Rayleigh number. The Venezian approach is adopted in arriving at the critical Rayleigh and wave number for small amplitudes of gravity modulation. The effect of role of Couple stress parameter, Taylor number and Hartmann number on the onset of convection is studied. The system is most stable with respect to gravity modulation. -
EFFECT OF CORIOLIS FORCE AND NON UNIFORM BASIC TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ON THE ONSET OF RAYLIEGH B??NARD - MARANGONI CONVECTION WITH MAXWELL - CATTANEO LAW
The effects resulting from the substitution of the classical Fourier law by the non-classical Maxwell-Cattaneo law in Rayleigh-B??nard-Marangoni convection in a rotating Newtonian fluid are studied using the Galerkin technique. The effects of one linear and five nonlinear basic temperature gradients are studied on the onset of convection. In the case of Rayleigh ?? B??nard convection, the eigenvalue is obtained for free-free, rigid-free and rigid-rigid velocity boundary combinations with isothermal and adiabatic boundaries. In the case of Marangoni and Rayleigh-B??nard-Marangoni convection the eigenvalues are obtained for an upper free / adiabatic and a lower rigid / isothermal boundaries. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. The classical approach predicts an infinite speed for the propagation of heat. The present non-classical theory involves a wave type heat transport (SECOND SOUND) and does not suffer from the physically unacceptable drawback of infinite heat propagation speed. It is found that the results are noteworthy at short times and the critical eigenvalues are less than the classical ones. -
EFFECT OF CORIOLIS FORCE AND NON UNIFORM BASIC TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ON THE ONSET OF RAYLEIGH BENARD CONVECTION IN SECOND ORDER FLUID WITH GENERAL BOUNDARY CONDITION
The effect of coriolis force and non uniform basic temperature gradient on the onset of Rayleigh B??nard convection in Second order fluid with general boundary conditions are studied using the Galerkin technique. The effects of one linear and five nonlinear basic temperature gradients are studied on the onset of convection. A linear stability analysis is performed. The influence of various parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed and their comparative influence on onset is discussed. The study of the problem with general boundary conditions for velocity and temperature indicates that the results of the previous studies for different boundary conditions are obtained as limiting cases for the present studies. -
Effect of Coriolis force on Rayleigh-Bard convection with internal heat generation
The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the Coriolis force and internal heat source on Rayleigh-Bard convection in a Boussinesquian fluid of depth d. A linear theory which is oriented towards the normal mode analysis technique is used for this mono-diffusive convection in order to find the criteria for the onset of Rayleigh-Bard convection. The eigenvalue of the said problem was obtained by the use of the Galerkin method in the cases of rigid-rigid, rigid-free, and free-free velocity boundary combinations considering the isothermal and adiabatic temperature boundaries that determine the stability of the system. The effects of various parameters, Taylor number and the internal Rayleigh number are put under consideration only for stationary convection. Treating Taylor number as a critical parameter, shown that it plays a major role in stabilization of the system in case of any particular infinitesimal disturbance. The destabilization of the system has been possible with rotation by treating internal Rayleigh numbers as a critical parameter since the increase in values of the internal Rayleigh number advances the onset of convection. Oscillatory convection seems highly improbable as the scaled frequency of oscillation remains less than 0 for all combinations of Prandtl number, internal Rayleigh number, and Taylor number. 2019, Accent Social and Welfare Society. All rights reserved. -
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Effect of corporate restructuring on shareholder's value in the information technology sector /
International Review of Research in Emerging Markets and the Global Economy, Vol.1, Issue 1, pp.182-188, ISSN No: 2311-3200. -
Effect of Coupled Microstructural Characteristics of Catalyst Layer on High Temperature: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance
The widespread adoption of High Temperature-Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFC) in commercial applications is limited by their performance and durability compared to conventional energy sources. A key factor affecting these cells is the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode catalyst layer (CL). Optimizing the structural parameters of the cathode CL can enhance cell performance and longevity. Current research on these parameters is mostly descriptive, lacking numerical evidence to quantify their impact. This study develops a three-dimensional, non-isothermal HT-PEMFC numerical model to investigate the sensitivities of coupled structural parameters of the cathode CL, including Pt loading, CL thickness, and Pt particle diameter, at three levels. The orthogonal/Taguchi approach quantitatively assesses the impact of these parameters. The study reveals that Pt loading significantly affects cell voltage and cathode overpotential, while Pt diameter influences the homogeneity of overpotential distribution. The dominant impact of a single parameter decreases at higher current densities, necessitating careful analysis of trade-offs between different structural characteristics to maximize performance. These findings offer valuable insights for future experimental studies to enhance cell performance through adjustments to cathode catalyst characteristics. 2024 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. -
Effect of COVID-19 on ETF and index efficiency: evidence from an entropy-based analysis
We examine the informational efficiency of domestic equity ETFs vis-a-vis their underlying market indices during the COVID-19 pandemic. To do so, we employ a multiscale entropy-based methodology. Our findings indicate that the informational efficiency of all ETFs as well as the indices fall sharply during the COVID induced market crash in February-March 2020. Having said so, we find disproportionate deterioration in market efficiency of ETFs and indices pertaining to USA and Canada as compared to those of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Interestingly, ETFs and indices pertaining to certain developed markets were found to be less efficient than their emerging market counterparts even during the pre-covid timeline. Lastly, there is a discernible difference between the efficiency of ETFs vis-a-vis their underlying indices. These findings should nudge investors to exercise caution while dealing with ETFs, for domestic ETFs do not exactly mimic the dynamics of their underlying indices. 2021, Academy of Economics and Finance. -
Effect of crude oil price changes on macro economy and capital market of India
Oil symbolizes an important role in the global economy. Crude oil or petroleum is an indispensable and a contributing factor for any economy. Several international crude oil price benchmarks (Brent, WTI, OPEC and so on) have always been tested through empirical studies to established certain cause-effect newlinerelationship and to determine their predictability. However, literature evidence is limited to Indian basket. Moreover, the need for forecasting this benchmark has newlinenot been acknowledged by the scholars. International crude oil price of Indian newlinebasket, also termed as Indian basket crude oil price, is the base of any petroleum newlineproduct pricing in India. Importing crude oil enhance the trade deficit of the nation. The present scenario of the global petroleum industry and the relationship among the major oil-producing and exporting countries are vulnerable. This situation increases the supply-side risk for the major oil-importing countries like India. In this state of affairs, it is vital to find out the factors that influence this price benchmark to reduce uncertainty. This research work aims to provide a holistic picture of the international crude oil price of Indian basket, considering the present scenario of the oil industry and lack of scholarly work on this field. Where on one side, the external factors affecting crude oil price has been determined, on the other hand how Indian economy and capital market is affected newlineby this price change have been found out. Triangulation method under a mixed approach has been adopted for this research work where quantitative and qualitative data collection have been run simultaneously. The time frame of the quantitative data collection is April, 2000 to March, 2018 and the frequency is newlinemonthly. Twenty experts have been interviewed to capture the qualitative aspects associated with the models. Four models have been proposed to execute the objectives. -
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Effect of different base isolation techniques in multistoried rc regular and irregular building
Base confinement system for a structure is acquainted to decouple the building structure from possible movement incited by the movement of the seismic tremor, keeping the building superstructures from retaining the quake vitality. Base isolator increases the regular time period of the general structure and diminishes its shear increasing speed reaction to the seismic movement. In this explanatory examination, a ten-storey reinforced concrete (RC) building with lead elastic bearing, high damping elastic bearing and triple-contact pendulum framework bearing is acquainted with the structures, and correlation is made between fixed base and the base-secluded structures. Demonstrating and investigation are conveyed utilizing ETABS 2015 v15.2.2. The investigation examination is performed to check the ampleness of the working against the lateral displacement, inter-storey drift, story shear and story acceleration. It is found from the investigation that reaction of working to lateral load diminishes, while modular period is expanded in both X and Y bearings. Furthermore, it was reasoned that triple grating pendulum bearing is increasingly compelling in examination of different direction utilized in this investigation. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021. -
Effect of digital financial literacy on digital consumer protection: Mediating role of financial self-efficacy and financial confidence
The digital consumer is gaining importance in the current digital age and there is a need to adapt to the changing context. When discussing digital consumer protection, it's critical to gauge the degree of digital financial literacy. This study explores the mediating role of financial self-efficacy and financial confidence between digital financial literacy and digital consumer protection. The study was conducted in the Indian context, and the target population was users of digital platforms for financial activities in the age group of 20 to above 60. It was found that digital financial literacy significantly impacts digital consumer protection, financial self-efficacy, and financial confidence. However, only Financial self-efficacy and digital financial literacy impact digital consumer protection. It shows that financial self-efficacy mediates the relationship between digital financial literacy and digital consumer protection. This study will benefit the users of digital platforms and assist government/ non-government agencies in designing digital consumer protection programs. 2024, IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Effect of Doping in Aluminium Nitride (AlN) Nanomaterials: A Review
Piezoelectric materials can generate electrical charges when subjected to mechanical pressure through the piezoelectric effect. In addition to generating electricity from environmental vibrations, they are also used as nano energy generators for micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Aluminum Nitride (AlN) with a doping element exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. It is used to manufacture many electromechanical devices. They are ideal candidates for many applications, including MEMS resonators and microwave filters, due to their large piezoelectric coefficient and low resistance. A number of material properties led to its selection, including high thermal conductivity, good mechanical strength, high resistance, corrosion resistance, and the largest piezoelectric coefficient. A piezoelectric coefficient d33 characterizes the piezoelectric response of AlN thin films. By doping this material, a wide range of applications have been explored. The Electrochemical Society -
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Effect of Ethnocentrism and Attitude Towards Foreign Brands in Purchase Decision
Ethnocentrism refers to the intense preference for domestic products or a moral obligation to buy domestic products. With an extraordinary amount and variety of foreign goods and services now being made available to the Indian market, the level of competition faced by domestic companies has tremendously increased. This forms the need for domestic marketers to understand how the ethnocentrism and attitude of consumers towards foreign brands influence their purchase decision. In order to appeal to the Indian market better, many companies have started using patriotic advertising to evoke patriotic and nationalistic emotions among consumers. One such industry that utilizes such patriotic strategies is the automobile industry. The main objective of the study is to understand the effect that ethnocentrism and attitude towards foreign brands have on consumers purchase of automobiles. To measure the same, a survey consisting of a self-administered questionnaire with a sample size of 108 was conducted. For data analysis purpose, exploratory factor analysis, CART technique and regression analysis have been used in the study. CART technique has been used to develop a model keeping ethnocentrism and attitude as the base. The results of the study show that attitude has turned out to be dominant over ethnocentrism and has a significant role to play in persuading consumers to buy cars of an Indian or a foreign brand. The findings also show that ethnocentrism influences attitude which in turn influences purchase decision. The implications of the study suggest that domestic marketers should imply patriotic advertising in their marketing initiatives and also recommend them to highlight the Made in India tag. The study also suggests foreign marketers operating in the Indian market to focus less on the country-of-origin and focus more on the technicalities of the product because attitude towards foreign brands is a major contributor towards the purchase decision. 2020 Management Development Institute. -
Effect of ethnocentrism and attitude towards foreign brands in purchase decision /
Vision, Vol.24, Issue 3, pp. 1-10