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Theoretical Investigation of Optical WDM Network Performance in the Presence of FWM and ASE Noise
In this article, for an optical star wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network, with quality factor (Q-factor) as performance metric, we investigate the performance degradation due to the combined effects of four-wave mixing (FWM) and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise. A mathematical model is developed, and the simulations are performed based on the optical frequency grid defined by the ITU-T Recommendation G.692. Further, the analysis is conducted for the optical fibers that are ITU-T compliant viz. G.652, G. 652D, G. 653, G. 654 and G.655. The simulation results show that, compared to the other fiber types, performance of the G. 652D and G.652 fibers is the "best", thus justifying the preferred use of fibers with high dispersion and effective area values. The simulation results also highlight that with the use of a fiber having low dispersion and effective area value, it may not be possible to obtain the desired performance. 2017 by De Gruyter 2017. -
Theoretical investigation of optical WDM network performance in the presence of FWM and ASE noise /
Journal of Optical Communications, Vol.38, Issue 1, pp.101-109, ISSN: 2191-6322 (Online) 0173-4911 (Print). -
Theoretical investigation of SH wave transmission in magneto-electro-elastic structure having imperfect interface using approximating method
Assuming different types of imperfect interfaces composed of a magnetoelectroelastic (MEE) structure, the current work investigates the transmission of a Love-type wave in a MEE solid cylindrical structure. The spatially variable quasi-classical technique is applied to derive the analytical solution of the layers. The substantial impact of factors related to the imperfect interface on the wave phase velocities is illustrated numerically. The Love-type wave's dispersion relation has been established as the determinant for electrically and magnetically open and short cases. Moreover, the article investigates the consequences of six different imperfect parameters namely mechanical imperfection, electrical imperfection, magnetic imperfection, magneto-mechanical imperfection, electro-mechanical imperfection, and magneto-electrical imperfection parameters in magnetically and electrically open and short scenarios are covered. The findings demonstrate that, in comparison to the short case, the electric and magnetic open case has a higher phase velocity. Here are some key findings: imperfection parameters strongly affect the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient curves and the bonding parameter's prominent influence is inversely proportional to the attenuation coefficient and well-proportional to the phase velocity. Identifying the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic connection and its possible use in the construction of sensors, actuators, energy harvesters, and nano-electronics is the result of this theoretical investigation. This is the first time that a polar coordinate system was used in the quasi-classical method of solving differential equations. The results argue that the outcomes of this specific model have an immense ability to deal with various commercial and industrial applications in acoustical engineering, geotechnical design, ultrasonic technology, and SAW devices. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Theoretical performance evaluation of linear impairments in optical WDM networks with ITU-T defined fibers
This article investigates the performance degradation, in terms of Quality-factor (Q-factor), due to the combined effect of linear impairments, in an optical Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) star network using various ITU-T compliant fibers (G.652, G. 652D, G. 653, G. 654 and G.655), based on the optical frequency grid defined by the ITU-T Recommendation G.692. The simulation results obtained through the developed mathematical model show that in presence of the deleterious effects of the combined linear impairments, compared to other fiber types, Q-factor performance of a G.653 and G.654 fiber is the 'best' and 'worst'. The results also verify that with the use of a fiber having high value of dispersion and attenuation, it may not be possible to obtain the desired performance. 2016 IEEE. -
Theoretical Prediction of the Number of Bénard Cells in Low-Porosity Cylindrical/Rectangular Enclosures Saturated by a Fast Chemically Reacting Fluid
Many applications including chemical engineering and meteorology require the study of a chemically driven convection in cylindrical, as well as rectangular enclosures. The present paper reports a unified analysis of a chemically driven convection in densely packed porous cylindrical/rectangular enclosures saturated by a chemically reactive binary fluid mixture. Employing the degeneracy technique and the single-term Galerkin method involving Bessel functions in a linear stability analysis, an analytical expression for the critical Rayleigh number, (Formula presented.), was obtained. An analytical expression for the number of cells that manifest in a given enclosure, at the onset of convection, was derived from (Formula presented.). The connection between the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of various parameters and the size or the number of Bénard cells that manifest are described in detail. The results depicted that the chemical parameters related to the heat of reaction destabilize and the parameter depending inversely on the rate of the chemical reaction stabilizes the system. In the latter case, a greater number of smaller cells were formed in the system compared to the former case. Hence, we concluded that the chemically reactive fluid advances the onset of convection compared to the chemically non-reactive fluid. The results of a similar problem in rectangular enclosures of infinite horizontal extent and chemically non-reactive liquid-saturated porous medium were recovered as limiting cases. Thus, the present model presents a unified analysis of six individual problems. 2023 by the authors. -
Theoretical Studies on Pion Photoproduction on Deuterons
The study of nuclear reactions between elementary particles and atomic nuclei plays an important role in understanding the interdisciplinary area of Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics. The study of photoproduction of mesons has a long history going back to 19500s. It was in the next decade, studies on photoproduction of ? meson on deuteron started. Since then coherent and incoherent photoproduction of ? meson on deuteron have been studied theoretically and experimentally. The study of photoproduction of pions describes the coupling among photon, meson and nucleon fields and also gives information about strong interactions that indirectly hold the nucleus together. A thorough investigation of the photoproduction process is firmly believed to give first hand information on two important aspects, one being the threshold of ? photoproduction amplitude and the other being propagation of low-energy pions in nuclear medium. The purpose of the present contribution is to theoretically study pion photoproduction on deuterons using model independent irreducible tensor formalism developed earlier to study the photodisintegration of deuterons[1]. Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) -
Theoretical Studies ond(?,p)n atAstrophysical Energies
The photonuclear reactions using deuterium target finds application in nuclear physics, laser physics and astrophysics. The studies related to deuteron photodisintegration using polarized photons has been the focus of interest since 1998 which influenced many experimental studies which were carried out using 100% linearly polarized photons at Duke free electron Laser laboratory. Theoretical study on deuteron photodisintegration was carried out and in these studies the possibility of 3 different E1v amplitudes leading to the final n-p state in the continuum was discussed. As there is experimental evidence about the splitting of 3 E1vp- wave amplitudes at slightly higher energies, we hope that the same may be true at near threshold energies also. As the spin dependent variables are more sensitive to theoretical inputs and the data obtained on polarization observables are more sensitive to theoretical calculations, there is a considerable interest on studies related to the reaction. More recently, neutron polarization in d(?,n)p was studied at near threshold energies. In this regard the purpose of the present contribution is to extend this study to discuss proton polarization in d(?,p)n reaction using model independent irreducible tensor formalism at near threshold energies of interest to astrophysics. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024. -
Theoretical Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Ternary Nanofluid Flowing past a Stretching Sheet
A new theoretical tri-hybrid nanofluid model for enhancing the heat transfer is presented in this article. This model explains the method to obtain a better heat conductor than the hybrid nanofluid. The tri-hybrid nanofluid is formed by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds into a base fluid. In this study, the nanoparticles TiO2, Al2O3 and SiO2 are suspended into water thus forming the combination TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O. This combination helps in decomposing harmful substances, environmental purification and other appliances that requires cooling. The properties of tri-hybrid nanofluid such as Density, Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Specific Heat capacitance are defined mathematically in this article. The system of equations that governs the flow and temperature of the fluid are converted to ordinary differential equations and are solved using RKF-45 method. The results are discussed through graphs and it is observed that the tri-hybrid nanofluid has a better thermal conductivity than the hybrid nanofluid. 2022. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0 license) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). -
Theories and Models in AIoT: Exploring economic, behavioral, technological, psychological, and organizational perspectives
AIoT, or artificial intelligence of things, is a transformative combination of artificial intelligence and the internet of things (IoT) that has far-reaching ramifications across multiple domains. This chapter examines the theories and models underlying its development and implementation. Businesses can assess the costs, benefits, and competitive advantages of AIoT by using economic models and market dynamics. Understanding human behaviour and trust is crucial for user acceptance, while ethical considerations underpin the development of accountable AIoT applications. Data management, security, and interoperability are technical facets that architectural frameworks address. The alignment of AIoT with human needs is enhanced by cognitive models and user experience, thereby fostering well-being. Change management and organizational learning are essential for effective implementation, which fosters innovation. AIoT promotes innovation and efficiency in manufacturing, healthcare, and smart cities. 2024 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. -
Theorizing race, marginalization, and language in the digital media
Digitization of the communication medium has transformed the mute, marginalized audience into a heterogeneous and credible content producer. Drawing on this dynamics and operation of the digital media, it has urged the need to re-theorize marginalization and race. Hence, this paper critiques the digital-media tool, blogs, using a rhetoric-textual analysis method and critical discourse analysis method for the fictional text, Americanah. These methods employ the psychoanalyticalAlthusserian critique of Adichies fictional narrative, Americanah. In the psychoanalytical sense, blog-writing can qualify as a mechanism of sublimation in the post-modern world. In the Althusserian sense, blogs become persuasive mechanisms for a subjects interpellation into non-dominant ideology. Among the plethora of marginalized global communities, African-Americans are enormously embracing the virtual communication trends for socio-political motives. This paper theorizes the correlations between race-related blogging, psychoanalytic sublimation, and the socio-political repudiation of power structure by employing the literary text as material evidence. Accordingly, the literary study has concluded that digital-mediums (i.e., in this case, political blogs) can depose the power vested in the ideologicalstate-apparatuses and impose a high potential for expression of unrestrained, credible, and democratic voice of the marginalized. It also validates that blogs/blogging influences and moulds national/political/racial discourses by lending a liberated voice and context-independent perspective to the racially oppressed. 2021 Communication & Society. -
Theorizing the Phenomenon of Women Empowerment in a Course to Discover the Purpose of Life for Marginalized Women in IndiaEvidence from Phool
The present study attempts to theorize the phenomenon of empowerment of marginalized women in the context of social enterprises involved in sustainable business practices. To extract the deeper meaning of empowerment of such women, an inductive process using Gioias method was employed by interviewing 13 marginalized women working in the social enterprise Phool. The venture is involved in recycling sacred floral waste into incense sticks, organic fertilizers, and other sustainable packaging solutions. The findings of the study were built on the Social Identity Theory, which emphasizes the fundamental need to be a part of social groups. Our findings suggest that for marginalized women, empowerment manifests in dignity and honour, economic sovereignty and social admittance and embracement. The study contributes to the extant literature on womens empowerment by intersecting with the phenomenon of marginalization in the context of social enterprise and explains how marginalized women experience empowerment at work. 2023 Birla Institute of Management Technology. -
Theory and Applicability of the Weighted Modified Lindley Distribution
As a bridge between the exponential and Lindley distributions, the modified Lind-ley distribution was created. It has been used successfully in a variety of fields related to survival analysis. In this study, we present a novel distribution that extends the modified Lindley distribution using the traditional weighted (or length/size-biased) approach. It is named as weighted modified Lindley distribution. This idea is mainly used to flexibilize the former modified Lindley distribution through the use of a one-parameter polynomial weight. This weight is intended to modulate the functionalities of the new distribution, well beyond those of the former modified Lindley distribution. The related probability density function, cumulative density function, hazard rate function, moments, moment generating function and characteristic function are analysed from a theoretical and practical point of view. Estimation of the parameters is done by the classical method of maximum likelihood and a simulation study is carried out to check the consistency of the maximum likelihood estimates. A data set is used to illustrate the application of the proposed distribution. 2022, Society of Statistics, Computer and Applications. All rights reserved. -
Theory and practice of a bivariate trigonometric Burr XII distribution
The precise modeling of bivariate continuous characteristics remains an actual challenge in probability and statistics. In this paper, we explore a new strategy based on the combination of a simple polynomial-sine copula and the Burr XII distribution. The idea is to use the oscillating functionalities of the polynomial-sine copula and the flexibility of the Burr XII distribution to propose a serious bivariate solution for the modelling of bivariate lifetime phenomena. Both theory and practice are developed. In particular, we determine the main functions related to the distribution, like the cumulative distribution function, probability density function, conditional density function, and hazard rate function, and perform a moment analysis, including various useful measures for bivariate modeling. On the practical plan, we derive the maximum likelihood and Bayes estimates for the unknown parameters. Also, the bootstrap confidence interval and the highest posterior density interval are obtained. The performance of the proposed bivariate distributions is examined using a simulation study. Finally, one data set is considered to illustrate its flexibility for real-life applications. 2023, African Mathematical Union and Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature. -
THEORY OF MIND AS A UNIFYING CONSTRUCT OF RELIGIOUS COGNITION AND EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING AMONG CHRISTIAN ADOLESCENTS
Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability of an individual to identify or predict others emotions, thoughts, and beliefs. In the context of religious cognition and eudaimonic well-being, ToM can be understood as the cognitive process through which individuals interpret and understand religious experiences, knowledge, behaviour, attitudes, and beliefs. These variables are known for sustained psychological and religious consistency in an individual's life. Eudaimonic well-being, on the other hand, refers to the long-lasting effects on individuals mental and spiritual health, enabling them to find purpose and meaning in life, depending on the individual, religion, and society. ToM is an emerging aspect of cognitive neuroscience, rapidly expanding its field to evolution, brain imaging, and religious cognition. The period of adolescence is when adolescents are put into a turbulence of terrible confusion about their identity, beliefs, and autonomy. A thorough understanding of ToM based on religious cognition will foster adolescents' spiritual and mental health. This article connects ToM to religious cognition and the eudaimonic well-being of adolescents in Christian traditions. We propose that ToM could illuminate the relationship between religious cognition and eudaimonic well-being and provide a deepened understanding of these variables in psycho-spiritual therapy. This article also reveals the healing role of ToM on religious cognition and eudaimonic well-being during adolescence and the importance of focusing on spiritual and mental health as developmental assets that can potentially influence them in the future. 2024 Journal of Dharma: Dharmaram Journal of Religions and Philosophies (DVK, Bangalore). -
Theory of planned behavior in predicting the construction of eco-friendly houses
Purpose: The present study aimed to explore the applicability of theory of planned behavior in construction of eco-friendly houses. Design/methodology/approach: Study utilized cross-sectional correlational research design, collected data from 269 adult house owners of Kerala, India, with the help of a self-report measures namely, attitude towards eco-friendly house construction, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention to build eco-friendly houses, check list of eco-friendly house and socio-demographic data sheet. Descriptive statistics, Karl Pearson product moment correlation, confirmatory factor analysis and mediation analysis with the help of AMOS were used to describe the distribution of study variables and to test the research hypotheses and proposed model. Findings: Study revealed that behavioral intention to build eco-friendly house was the immediate and strongest predictor of actual behavior of constructing an eco-friendly house. Behavioral intention mediated the relationship of attitudinal variables, normative variables and control variables with the behavior of constructing eco-friendly houses. Research limitations/implications: The results vouched the applicability of theory of planned behavior as a comprehensive model in explaining the behavior of eco-friendly house construction. Practical implications: Results of the study iterates the utility of attitudinal, normative and control factors in enhancing the choice of constructing eco-friendly houses. The results can be applied to develop a marketing tool to enhance the behavior of choosing or constructing eco-friendly houses in the population. Originality/value: Role of conventional concrete construction in climate crisis is unquestioned, and adopting eco-friendly architecture is a potential solution to the impending doom of climate crisis. Behavioral changes play a significant role in the success of global actions to curb the climate crisis. Present study discusses the role of psychological variables in constructing eco-friendly houses. 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited. -
Therapeutic effects of vitamin D and cancer: An overview
Since vitamin D's discovery, strenuous efforts to investigate its physiological exploit and deficiency on human health were done. Our body synthesizes fat-soluble vitamin D when get exposed to sunlight. In recent years, experimental data indicate that sunlight exposure and an adequate level of circulating vitamin D can reduce the incidence of cancer. Several in vitro and in vivo studies also suggest vitamin D as a potentially valuable supplement for cancer treatment and prevention. Nevertheless, there need to be adequate clinical studies performed to substantiate the suppressive ability of vitamin D concerning cancer incidence. Thus, understanding the cellular mechanisms of vitamin D can be advantageous for preventing several chronic diseases. Consequently, this review concentrates on different studies that have been conducted to characterize the outcome of vitamin D in reducing cancer incidence and its medication by cellular progression mechanism. 2021 The Authors. Food Frontiers published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd and Nanchang University, Northwest University, Jiangsu University, Zhejiang University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. -
Therapeutic potential of marine macrolides: An overview from 1990 to 2022
The sea is a vast ecosystem that has remained primarily unexploited and untapped, resulting in numerous organisms. Consequently, marine organisms have piqued the interest of scientists as an abundant source of natural resources with unique structural features and fascinating biological activities. Marine macrolide is a top-class natural product with a heavily oxygenated polyene backbone containing macrocyclic lactone. In the last few decades, significant efforts have been made to isolate and characterize macrolides' chemical and biological properties. Numerous macrolides are extracted from different marine organisms such as marine microorganisms, sponges, zooplankton, molluscs, cnidarians, red algae, tunicates, and bryozoans. Notably, the prominent macrolide sources are fungi, dinoflagellates, and sponges. Marine macrolides have several bioactive characteristics such as antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiviral), anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and neuroprotective activities. In brief, marine organisms are plentiful in naturally occurring macrolides, which can become the source of efficient and effective therapeutics for many diseases. This current review summarizes these exciting and promising novel marine macrolides in biological activities and possible therapeutic applications. 2022 The Authors -
Therapists Issues in Understanding Stuttering
[No abstract available] -
Therapy recommendation based on level of depression using social media data
Social media is a massive platform with currently over 100 million registered users. It is a platform where individuals express themselves along with their interests. These expressions of individual can be used to identify their mental status. That being said, depression and anxiety are the dominant cause for illness and ill-health across the world. Studies show that users mental health can be predicted by their everyday use of language. This paper examines the tweets for analyzing the linguistic and behavioral features for classifying the levels of depression among the users. In order to classify the levels of depression, a knowledge base of the words that are associated with depression/anxiety has been created. The model evaluated this using simple text mining techniques to measure the mental health status of the users and provide appropriate recommendations. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021. -
ThermAI: Exploring Temperature Analysis Through Diverse Machine Learning Models
Meteorological forecasting is crucial in multiple industries, including agriculture, aviation, and daily routines. The objective of this inquiry is to improve temperature predictions by examining and comparing several machine learning methods, such as linear regression, decision trees, and random forests. This work aims to fill the gap in assessing machine learning models for temperature forecasting on a broader scale by utilising the comprehensive Indian meteorological dataset, which covers a wide range of geographical regions. The research utilises a thorough technique that includes gathering data, selecting relevant features, choosing appropriate models, and evaluating the results using R-squared and Mean Square Error metrics. The findings demonstrate that the Random Forest model surpasses both multiple linear regression and decision trees in terms of performance, displaying superior accuracy and reduced prediction errors. This study enhances proactive weather management and decision-making processes by offering valuable insights and tools to stakeholders in various industries. The work is organised into distinct sections that encompass a literature review, methodology, results, and conclusions, providing a comprehensive viewpoint on developments in temperature forecasting. 2024 IEEE.