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Recent advances in electrochemical and optical sensing of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos: a review
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the most popular organophosphorus pesticides that is commonly used in agricultural and nonagricultural environments to combat pests. However, several concerns regarding contamination due to the unmitigated use of chlorpyrifos have come up over recent years. This has popularized research on various techniques for chlorpyrifos detection. Since conventional methods do not enable smooth detection, the recent trends of chlorpyrifos detection have shifted toward electrochemical and optical sensing techniques that offer higher sensitivity and selectivity. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of some of the important and innovative contributions in the field of electrochemical and optical sensing of chlorpyrifos with a primary focus on the comparative advantages and shortcomings of these techniques. This review paper will help to offer better perspectives for research in organophosphorus pesticide detection in the future. 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. -
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Synthesis of Nitriles: A Sustainable Approach
Nitriles unveil widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, textiles, rubber, polymers, and constitute a significant intermediate in several organic transformations, necessitating the design of simple and environmentally benign pathways for their synthesis. Over the recent years, electro-organic reactions have found widespread attention in developing effective and selective organic synthesis. They possess several advantages: high atom economy, selectivity, minimal waste production, and shorter routes to multistep traditional organic reactions. The development of novel strategies for greener and sustainable electro-organic synthesis of nitriles is therefore commendable. This review focuses on analyzing various methods and strategies used in the electrochemical synthesis of nitriles using phase transfer catalyst, N-oxoammonium salts mediated electrocatalysis, iodine-mediated electrocatalysis, and anodic oxidations of aldoximes. In addition, the recent trends including the synthesis of nitriles via C?H cyanation, domino oxidation, bio electrocatalysis, and metal-ligand cooperative synthesis have been discussed. 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Recent advances in functionalization of carbon nanosurface structures for electrochemical sensing applications: tuning and turning
Carbon nanomaterial has garnered interest in the research fraternity owing to the multiple advantages which includes its earth abundance, good electronic conductivity, excellent tolerance to acidic/alkaline media, and very good biocompatibility. Because of the above-mentioned advantages, they have found their way through applications in catalysis, sensing environmental remediation, and biological application. Heteroatom doping and organo-functionalization of carbon materials greatly extends the arsenal of these materials and their potential for a spectrum of application particularly in the field of electrochemical sensing. This review focusses on the creation and development in the design of electrochemical sensors based on the usage of doped and organo-functionalized carbon materials. Emphasis is given on the distinct properties and synergistic effects resulting from functionalization and doping. We hope that this review would throw light into the minds of researchers who would like to tune and turn their work, such that it promotes further activities in this particular field of research. 2021, Islamic Azad University. -
Recent Advances in Hydrogenation Reactions Using Bimetallic Nanocatalysts: A Review
Hydrogenation reactions have been studied for many decades now and have developed from reactions that appear simple to now being recognized for their many complexities. These reactions are generally catalyzed using monometallic and more recently, with bimetallic nanocatalysts. Hydrogenation plays a vital role in food, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceuticals, and dye industries to name a few. The hydrogenated products derived from several biomass-based compounds are potential fossil fuels. Such products when employed in daily life, can help conserve natural resources. While hydrogenation of alkynes and alkenes are among the simplest of hydrogenation reactions, the most extensive and elegant manifestation of this reaction is seen in polymerization. Polymers like polythene, polypropylene (plastic) have replaced materials like glass, stainless steel, etc., in making daily use items for the obvious advantages of the former. Purification of alkenes is achieved by partially hydrogenating the respective alkynes present in trace amounts. This serves as an important step in the polymerization process. The presence of nitro group on aromatic rings makes them carcinogenic in nature which harms living organisms. For a safe environment, the elimination or modification of this nitro group becomes imperative. The products of hydrogenation of nitroaromatics and amino aromatics form the basis of pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs. A plethora of bimetallic catalysts have been used to catalyze these hydrogenation reactions. These catalysts are evaluated based on their selectivity and efficiency. This review highlights the recent advancements in the field of hydrogenation of nitro compounds, carbonyl compounds, and unsaturated hydrocarbons catalyzed by bimetallic nanoparticles. 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH -
Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors
Nanotechnology and molecular imprinting both are omnipresent in the modern scientific world. Molecular recognition in the biological systems was mimicked to an extreme extent with its difficulties through molecular imprinting. Solving the problems related to this mimicking was the goal of science and technology. Some challenges like difficulties with the imprinting of protein, poor compatibility with aqueous environments, template leakage, and heterogeneous populations of binding sites in the polymers that contribute to a high level of nonspecific binding sites were addressed with recent advancement in the modern era. These issues were solved later with nano level instrumentations and inventions. Different types of nanomaterials were employed for this research on molecular recognition through MIPs to enhance selectivity, sensitivity and stability to specific systems such as sensors. This review paper attempts to give all the recent advances in molecular imprinting and the potential of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors. 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Recent advances in polyethylene glycol as a dual-functional agent in heterocycle synthesis: Solvent and catalyst
Reactant solubility, which dictates achievable concentrations, and the stability of reaction intermediates (excited states), solvents modulate the potential energy landscape and influence reaction rates. Consequently, solvent selection is pivotal in optimizing process productivity, economic feasibility, and environmental footprint. At present, organic synthesis pivots around the idea of sustainability. In particular, PEG-400, a popular solvent and phase transfer catalyst, is considered greener as it can be reused several times without significant loss in its catalytic activity, which checks the box regarding sustainability. This review highlights the emerging potential of Polyethylene Glycol 400 (PEG-400) as a dual-threat agent in sustainable organic synthesis. We explore its efficacy as a catalyst, promoting various reactions under mild conditions and often eliminating the need for traditional metal catalysts. Additionally, PEG-400's role as a green solvent is addressed, emphasizing its biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to facilitate reactions without hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The review examines recent research on PEG-400 mediated reactions, showcasing its effectiveness in diverse transformations, thus exploring the potential of PEG 400 as a facilitator for heterocycle synthesis in both multicomponent reactions and stepwise approaches. It identifies exciting research directions that promise to expand the boundaries of polymer-based solvents in heterocyclic chemistry. 2024 The Author(s). Polymers for Advanced Technologies published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Recent advances in the development, design and mechanism of negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitor applications
Continuous technical advancements in a variety of industries, such as portable electronics, transportation, green energy, are frequently hampered by the inadequacy of energy-storage technologies. Asymmetric supercapacitors can expand their operating voltage window past the thermodynamic breakdown voltage of electrolytes by utilizing two distinct electrode materials, providing a workaround for the symmetric supercapacitors energy storage constraints. This evaluation offers a thorough understanding of this area. To comprehend the extensive research done in this field, we first examine the fundamental energy-storage mechanisms and performance evaluation standards for asymmetric supercapacitors. The most recent developments in the design and manufacture of electrode materials as well as the general structure of asymmetric supercapacitors. We have also discussed a number of significant scientific issues and offer our opinions on how to improve the electrochemical properties of future asymmetric energy storage devices. First, methods for designing high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors must be developed; next, controllably built supercapacitor types must be attained (such as symmetric capacitors including double-layer and pseudocapacitors, asymmetric capacitors, and Li-ion capacitors). This review is timely because of the rapid expansion of research in this area. It summarizes recent developments in the study and creation of high-performance electrode materials with high supercapacitors. A number of crucial topics for enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors are examined, along with some reciprocal correlations between the main impacting parameters. Difficulties and prospects in this fascinating field are also covered. This offers a fundamental understanding of supercapacitors and serves as a crucial design rule for enhanced next-generation supercapacitors that will be used in both industrial and consumer applications. In this context, we extensively reviewed the classification of supercapacitor, EDLC (activated carbon, carbon aerogel, carbon nanotube), Pseudocapacitors, conducting polymers, metal oxides, hybrid materials, composite hybrids, rechargeable batteries, asymmetric devices and its design, aqueous solid state, fiber based asymmetric device, graphene based asymmetric device, terminologies used during the electrode selection, positive and negative electrodes in asymmetric device, material used for fabrication of negative electrodes, electrochemical performance of various devices which are fabricated by different electrode materials. Performance of material for various asymmetric device applications, conclusions outlook, recent developments in asymmetric devices. The current review may offer a thorough understanding and future prospects for developing negative electrodes to enhance asymmetric supercapacitor performance. 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
Recent advances of MoO3 based materials in energy catalysis: Applications in hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions
This work mainly focuses on the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction of nanostructured molybdenum trioxide-based materials for energy catalysis. MoO3 is an n-type wide bandgap semiconductor and has the ability to replace noble metal catalysts. Here we summarize the crystal structure and properties of nanostructured MoO3. The work also highlights the recent advancement in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction, electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction, and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution reaction in MoO3 based materials. 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC -
Recent developments in bandwidth improvement of dielectric resonator antennas
This article shows a compressed chronological overview of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) emphasizing the developments targeting to bandwidth performance characteristics in last three and half decades. The research articles available in open literature give strong information about the innovation and rapid developments of DRAs since 1980s. The sole intention of this review article is to, (a) highlight the novel researchers and to analyze their effective and innovative research carried out on DRA for the furtherance of its performance in terms of only bandwidth and bandwidth with other characteristics, (b) give a practical prediction of future of DRA as per the past and current state-of-art condition, and (c) provide a conceptual support to the antenna modelers for further innovations as well as miniaturization of the existing ones. In addition some of the significant observations made during the review can be noted as follows; (a) hybrid shape DRAs with Sierpinski and Minkowski fractal DRAs seems comfortable in obtaining wideband as well as multiband, (b) combination of multiple resonant modes (preferably lower modes) can lead to wider impedance bandwidth, (c) at proper matching wider patch with slotted dielectric resonator can exhibit better bandwidth. 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. -
Recent Trends and Progress in Corrosion Inhibitors and Electrochemical Evaluation
Science and engineering research studies are currently concentrating on synthesizing, designing, producing, and consuming ecologically benign chemical species to replace harmful chemicals. This is due to the increasing demands of conservation knowledge and strict ecological regulations. Numerous environmentally friendly substitutes produced from natural resources, including biopolymers, plant extracts, chemical pharmaceuticals (drugs), and so on, are now frequently used as inhibitors to replace dangerous corrosion inhibitors. Many compounds have been extensively used. A range of methods, including physisorption, chemisorption, barrier protection, thin-film growth, and electrochemical procedures, will be used to provide corrosion resistance. The various kinds of corrosion inhibitors (CIs), the mechanisms underlying inhibition, and the evaluation procedures have all been covered in-depth. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature in which researchers and scientists used different types of CIs, the effect of CIs on metals, and information about designs and mechanisms used to minimize corrosion in a variety of equipment composed of alloys or metals, along with electrochemical evaluation studies. This review will provide scholars with fresh insights to advance the discipline. 2023 by the authors. -
Recent trends in hierarchical electrode materials in supercapacitor: Synthesis, electrochemical measurements, performance and their charge-storage mechanism
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that getting significant research interest among global researchers due to their features such as high specific capacitance, quick charge/discharge, high power density, prolonged cycle life, and safety that contribute to applications in portable electronic devices. Electrode materials are key constituents of supercapacitors and they control their electrochemical performances. There are various structures of electrode materials have been developed for supercapacitors such as core-shell structures, hetero-structures, and hierarchical structures. Among the structures, hierarchical electrode materials (HEMs) are low-cost, easy to synthesize, have high surface area, high active sites, and high electrochemical performances. Thus, this review focuses on the recent synthesis of hierarchical-type electrode materials, electrochemical setup, and characterization, analyses three- and two-electrode system performances in the use of supercapacitors, and charge-storage mechanisms, and summarizes critical viewpoints for future research. The performance of HEMs-based supercapacitors is shown to be high when compared to a single type of electrode. In supercapacitors, porous carbons, metal-organic frameworks, and transition metal sulfides-based HEMs have exceptional electrochemical capabilities across all parameters, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, energy density, and capacitance retention, as found in this review. This review may be helpful to the primary researchers who are working on the preparation and measurement of HEMs for supercapacitor applications. Further, the hierarchical structure-based electrode material is promising for future research in advanced supercapacitor research and could be of interest in technology transfer. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Recent trends in photocatalytic water splitting using titania based ternary photocatalysts-A review
Hydrogen is considered as an ideal fuel, and its use has several advantages. While several methods are available for producing hydrogen, photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor-based photocatalysts is one of the better methods. Among the various semiconductors, titania, having many desirable properties, is a widely explored photocatalyst material to fabricate ternary heterojunctions. Preventing the recombination of photoexcited charge carriers, reducing the band gap, and enhancing the migration of charges are steps needed to improve the efficiency of the photocatalysts. Various modifications have been made to the structural and chemical properties of the photocatalysts. While innovative synthetic protocols can bring about the desired changes, incorporating metal oxides and noble metals with varied morphologies into titania leads to multijunction photocatalysts. Structural modifications to titania include incorporation of various nanostructured materials, noble metal nanoparticles, transition metal chalcogenides, polymer materials, semiconductors like g-C3N4, quantum dots, etc. 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC -
Recent trends in the electrochemical sensors on ?- and calcium channel blockers for hypertension and angina pectoris: A comprehensive review
Stress, ingrained human behaviors, an inactive lifestyle, and poor dietary decisions are the primary causes of hypertension and the related coronary artery disease (CAD), which is also commonly referred to as angina pectoris. Effective high blood pressure (BP) treatment represents a substantial approach to reducing the burden of hypertension-related cardiovascular and renal diseases. A group of drugs known as ?-blockers and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are frequently used to treat diseases like hypertension (high blood pressure), cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. For efficient therapeutic use and to reduce potential side effects, ?-blocker concentration monitoring is essential. Chromatographic techniques are employed in a wide range to detect ?-blockers and CCBs without interference, among other analytical methods that have been described. For the detection of ?-blockers and CCBs, electrochemical sensors provide numerous benefits including sensitivity, selectivity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness. These sensors can help with patient monitoring in clinical settings, ensuring that the prescription ?-blocker dosage is within the therapeutic range. Since ?-blockers are frequently consumed by people, the contamination can be occurred through discharge of wastewater. The presence and measurement of ?-blockers in water samples enables researchers to evaluate potential risks to aquatic life and public health. In this regard, this review addresses recently developed electrochemical (voltammetric) methodologies and measurement protocols for the determination of both ?-blockers and CCBs in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, and environmental samples. Additionally, this review also provides an overview of the various advanced nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, polymeric structures, zeolite materials, ionic liquids, perovskite semiconductor-based materials, MXenes, Quantum dots, Nano MIPs and various dimensional materials applied to fabricate chemically modified electrodes/electrochemical sensors to determine the ?-blockers and CCBs. Moreover supplied are tables listing the analyte, modified electrode, measurement method, measuring medium pH, linear detection range (LDR), limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity as they are cited in the original research. Furthermore, important conclusions are made from the published reports in the last decade and some future perspectives are also suggested. 2023 Elsevier B.V. -
Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Mechanistic Implications of Phenanthridines
Phenanthridine derivatives are one of the most intensively studied families of biologically active compounds. There has been considerable scientific interest in the turn of this century in the synthesis of these N-containing heterocycles as they are prevalent in many alkaloids and also possess striking biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor activities. In this regard, a number of synthetic approaches toward the construction of phenanthridine moieties with various substituents, and to increase their yield have been developed by the synthetic organic community. Even though many researchers have developed various innovative methods for the synthesis of phenanthridine derivatives for the past few years, still there is substantial scope for the discovery of novel synthetic methods. In this review, the latest developments in the diverse synthetic strategies of phenanthridine derivatives in the presence and absence of metals were described. The present review also enlightens the use of different reagents, the diversity of the substrates identified, and the plausible mechanisms unravelled towards the construction of these biologically relevant scaffolds. (Figure presented.). 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH -
Refugees in host countries: A comparative study between Uyghurs in Turkey and Tibetans in India
The status of refugees in host nations may depend upon several factors, including the economic situation of the receiving state, political alignments, international commitments, ethnic affinities, the domestic refugee regime, security considerations and bilateral ties with the home country. The study aims to discern the role that bilateral ties and domestic considerations play in the refugee experience. Is there a pattern that can be drawn out from these two factors? The article uses neoclassical realist and critical theories to better understand the phenomena, while employing the case study method to make a comparative study. The study analyses how India and Turkey have dealt with refugees belonging to two ethnic minorities of the Republic of China: the Tibetans and the Uyghurs. The results show that the way the receiving states handle refugees depends greatly on domestic considerations. It becomes clear that even though bilateral ties between the host and the home nation are important, no simple deduction can be made on how this affects the treatment of refugees. Both cases provide varied response patterns; it is only through a blend of realpolitik and critical theory that the phenomena can be understood. Mapping refugees and their movements, as well as their status in the host countries, determines many of the policies created for their welfare. The article therefore attempts to provide a framework for a better understanding of the phenomena by considering bilateral ties and domestic considerations. The Author(s) 2022. -
Regulation of cryptocurrency: An Indian perspective
Cryptocurrency is a currency created and held electronically in the virtual world. In the absence of a proper legal framework, cryptocurrencies are unregulated in many countries, including India. This article attempts to delve into the concept of cryptocurrency and the issues and challenges they face. It also discusses the current legal and regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies in India and offer suggestions for their better regulation. 2021 Economic and Political Weekly. All rights reserved. -
Reimagining North Korea in a new frame: review of the series Crash Landing on You (2019)
[No abstract available] -
Relationship between leadership support and operational excellence in health care sector: A study of Indian health care managers; [Relaci entre respaldo al liderazgo y excelencia operativa en el sector sanitario: estudio de los gestores de un centro sanitario en India]
Background and objective: Leadership communicates purpose and innovative ways to thrive for performance. Leadership support influences and impacts operational excellence in the health sector as a patient-centered operation, with effective management, excellence framework, challenges and constraints, teamwork and value stream mapping. It is hypothesized that: (1) perceived leadership support will positively correlate with perceived operational excellence (Patient-centered Operations, Effective Resource Management, Excellence framework, Eliminating Challenges or Constraints, Team Work, Value Stream Mapping) and (2) the correlation would be highest with Patient-centered Operations. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between leadership support and operational excellence in the health care sector among a selected group of healthcare managers. Materials and method: A correlation study between leadership support and operational excellence was designed for a group of health care managers (n = 80) from eight hospitals in Kerala, South India. The selection of executives was from NABH accredited hospitals from districts with a minimum of four NABH accredited hospital. A survey was sent to a selected study sample. The respondents were cooperative and provided responses on perceived leadership support for operational excellence. Results: Factors of leadership support correlated to operational excellence. Conclusion: In the health care sector, leadership support for patient-centered operations helps achieve operational excellence. 2020 -
Relationship patterns among women survivors of Abuse in India
Dating is hushed within the Indian society and this silences the trauma Indian women face in their pre-marital romantic relationships. This study delves into the nature and cyclic patterns that influence an abusive dating relationship. Are abusive behaviours passed down generations and learned in early childhood? What is characterised as an abusive relationship? This article discusses the experience of 11 Indian women in the age range of 20- 25 years who were subjected to abuse within their dating relationship. Thematic analysis was used to arrive at the organizing themes including factors related to perpetrators and victims, characteristics of abuse, families of victims and other psycho-social factors. 2021 Tata Institute of Social Sciences. All rights reserved. -
Reproductive health vs overall well-being: systematic review of studies on women migration and health care utilization
Purpose: Sustainable development goals (SDGs) recognize the importance and interrelation between health and migration. Women migration and health is well researched, yet less attention is paid to their healthcare utilization, especially with regard to overall health and well-being. This paper aims to highlight the gap in the existing literature on health care utilization by women migrants. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guideline. For the review, the literature was taken from three electronic databases, which were Springer Link, Taylor and Francis and PubMed. From a total of 1,575 studies, seven studies cleared the eligibility screening. Findings: Of seven studies, five were found to focus on the sexual and reproductive health of the women migrants than their general health and well-being, and less attention is paid to health promotion and illness prevention beyond reproductive and sexual health. While, studies on general health have focused on the influence of health status on health care utilization and the influence of health insurance in health care utilization. The review has revealed the disparities faced by migrant women in different countries while seeking health care. Originality/value: Studies on women migration and health care utilization have largely focused on the reproductive and sexual health needs of women, and this overemphasis often undermines their accessibility and affordability to overall health and well-being. Therefore, the present study has moved away from the concept of sexual and reproductive health tot that of overall health and well-being of women migrants. 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited.