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Biotechnological Research Progress in Jatropha, a Biodiesel-Yielding Plant
Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges in todays world. The main cause of this pollution is fuel emissions from automobiles and other sources. As industrialization progresses, we will be unable to compromise on the use of energy to power heavy machines and will be forced to seek out the best options. As a consequence, utilizing green fuel, such as biodiesel derived from natural sources, is a realistic option. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized as the greatest feedstock for biodiesel production throughout the world, and it has gained a huge market value in the recent years. Conventional cultivation alone will not be sufficient to meet the global need for the plants biomass for the production of biodiesel. Adoption of plant tissue culture techniques that improve the biomass availability is an immediate need. The present review provides detailed information regarding in-vitro plant propagation (direct and indirect organogenesis), somatic embryogenesis, and acclimatization protocols of plantlets for stabilized production of biomass. The review also focuses on biotechnological approaches such as gene transformation studies, production of haploids, and double haploids for developing elite germplasm for high biomass and improved traits for the production of biodiesel. 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Perovskite photosupercapacitors: Next generation powerpacks integrating solar cells and supercapacitors
As solar energy is intermittent, it must be stored in addition to being harvested, opening one of the most potential areas for powering future technology. The devices that have the ability to collect and store energy are called Photosupercapacitors. Owing to their dual purpose, photosupercapacitors are gaining increasing attention as potential components for emerging wearable and portable electronics. These devices have advanced significantly; among them, Perovskite-based Photosupercapacitors have reported greater efficiency so far. When required, this integrated device, which consists of a perovskite solar cell unit and a supercapacitor, can supply reliable off-grid power to external loads and charge itself in an illuminated space. This review primarily focuses on various types of Perovskite-based Photosupercapacitors that have emerged so far, significantly discussing the choice of material for each layer, the technique of connecting the solar cell and supercapacitor, the performance of each part, and the overall powerpack performance. The present review gives a broad outlook on challenges and future perspectives involved in the development of these devices. We believe that this review would provide a valid account of the current developments and future scopes for developing portable, highly efficient Perovskite-based Photosupercapacitors with less toxicity and admissible stability. 2024 Elsevier Ltd -
Beyond numbers - Recent understanding of emotional needs of persons diagnosed with cancer 2007-2018
Epidemiology is a vital tool of public health. The usefulness of epidemiology is not only about numbers of persons' ill in the community but also to understand the associations, the presentation, identification of new syndromes, to map the historical trends, and calculate morbid risk. The emotional impact of the diagnosis of cancer is well-recognized. Indian cancer research relating to the psychosocial aspects has been largely limited to counting the numbers with psychiatric syndromes. The review covers 12 years of the Indian research in psycho-oncology to understand the different aspects of epidemiology. During the review period, there are growing number of epidemiological studies (29); psychiatric morbidity ranges from 41.7% to 46%; and prevalence rate ranges from 4.4% to 97.8% for anxiety and 1.2%-89.9% for depression; majority of the studies have used one-stage screening for assessment, which is not the ideal method of identifying mental disorders. The severity of the disorders is presented only in nine studies. Quality of life is the most common associated dimension of the studies. There is the absence of studies of posttraumatic growth, resilience, and spirituality. This review calls for greater rigor in the planning of studies of emotional impact, especially the use of two-stage method, longitudinal studies, studies of different types of cancer and in different stages, include additional measures such as disease burden, coping, resilience, spirituality, and the family/social factors to understand the emotional aspects of living with cancer. There is a need for describing the emotional aspects of living with cancer (lived-in experiences) beyond the clinical syndromes. 2020 Indian Journal of Palliative Care. -
A comprehensive review on energy management strategy of microgrids
Renewable energy resources are a one-stop solution for major issues that include drastic climate change, environmental pollution, and the depletion of fossil fuels. Renewable energy resources, their allied storage devices, load supplied, non-renewable sources, along with the electrical and control devices involved, form the entity called microgrids. Energy management systems are essential in microgrids with more than one energy resource and storage system for optimal power sharing between each component in the microgrid for efficient, reliable and economic operation. A critical review on energy management for hybrid systems of different configurations, the diverse techniques used, forecasting methods, control strategies, uncertainty consideration, tariffs set for financial benefits, etc. are reviewed in this paper. The novelty of reformer based fuel cells, which generates hydrogen on demand, thereby eliminating the requirement of hydrogen storage and lowest carbon footprint is discussed for the first time in this paper. The topics requiring extended research and the existing gap in literature in the field of energy management studies are presented in the authors perspective, which will be helpful for researchers working in the same specialization. Papers are segregated based on multiple aspects such as the configuration, in particular, grid-tied, islanded, multi microgrids, the control strategies adopted besides the identification of limitations/factors not considered in each work. Moreover, at the end of each section, the literature gap related to each category of segregated group is identified and presented. 2023 The Author(s) -
Knots of the umbilical cord: Incidence, diagnosis, and management
Knot(s) of the umbilical cord have received emphasis because the clinical assessments and sonographic literature show a crucial role in fetal outcomes. The true umbilical cord knot could be a knot in a singleton pregnancy or an entanglement of two umbilical cords in monoamniotic twins. Clinical manifestations are almost silent, which can raise clinical challenges. They worsen outcomes, and the pathology can be easily missed during prenatal visits because ultrasonographers do not pay attention to the cord during an obstetric ultrasound scan. However, most medical centers now have ultrasound machines that improve fetal assessment. The umbilical cord should be routinely evaluated during a fetal assessment, and suspicion of an umbilical cord knot can be more frequently diagnosed and is detected only incidentally. Clinical outcome is usually good but depends on the knot's characteristics and if it is tight or loose. In this review, we discuss pathophysiology, the theories on formation, the main risk factors, ultrasound signs and findings, different opinions in the management, and features of pregnancy outcomes feature. 2024 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. -
Exploring the Use of the Therapists Self in Therapy: A Systematic Review
Purpose: This systematic qualitative review explored how psychotherapists use their self in therapy within the psychotherapy literature. It sought to examine the key documented ways through which the therapists self is intentionally used in therapy and the process of using the therapists self. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, databases including PubMed, ProQuest, APA PsycArticles, and APA PsycINFO were searched. The review question How do therapists use their self in therapy? guided the search using derivative keywords. Of the 149 screened articles, 20 underwent full-text review, and only four studies met inclusion criteria. Findings: All studies that met the inclusion criteria were from the West. Therapeutic self-disclosure (TSD) emerged as the primary way through which therapists used their self in therapynotably, the only way documented in the studies reviewed. Studies discussed the nature, rationale, influencing factors, and effectiveness of TSD. This article elaborates upon the themes from the reviewed studies. It critically examines existing literature, lists avenues for future research, and discusses implications for psychotherapy practice. Conclusions: The review underscores a significant gap in empirical qualitative research regarding therapists use of their self beyond TSD in therapy. There is an urgent need for further exploration in this domain. 2024 The Author(s). -
Psychological autopsy: Overview of equivocal deaths, suicides and homicide-suicides
Psychological autopsy studies are a method to understand the causes of equivocal deaths. Suicides and homicide-suicide are the result of various events. The understanding of an individual's life before their death, by interviewing the next of kin, provides some insight into the causes. The research articles dealing with psychological autopsy studies through case studies of suicide or homicide-suicide instances, obtained from different search engines, shed light on the mental health, Alcohol use disorder (AUD), and Drug use disorders (DUD) of individuals before death. The primary characteristic of suicides in a population of late twenties to early fifties was romantic relationship conflicts. In contrast, suicides in the teenage years and early twenties were characterized primarily by a lack of familial acceptability and, to a lesser extent, self-acceptance. Simultaneously, there was a high risk of suicidal behavior and commission of acts among the DUD patients, getting treatment without psychiatric diagnosis and therapy. Over time, the psychological autopsy technique has shown to be quite helpful in determining the risk factors for suicidal behavior. The study helps to develop multiple rehabilitation and mental awareness that need to be created among various populations so that the suicide and homicide-suicide rates can be reduced. 2025 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine -
Developmental prospects of carrageenan-based wound dressing films: Unveiling techno-functional properties and freeze-drying technology for the development of absorbent films A review
This review explores the intricate wound healing process, emphasizing the critical role of dressing material selection, particularly for chronic wounds with high exudate levels. The aim is to tailor biodegradable dressings for comprehensive healing, focusing on maximizing moisture retention, a vital element for adequate recovery. Researchers are designing advanced wound dressings that enhance techno-functional and bioactive properties, minimizing healing time and ensuring cost-effective care. The study delves into wound dressing materials, highlighting carrageenan biocomposites superior attributes and potential in advancing wound care. Carrageenan's versatility in various biomedical applications demonstrates its potential for tissue repair, bone regeneration, and drug delivery. Ongoing research explores synergistic effects by combining carrageenan with other novel materials, aiming for complete biocompatibility. As innovative solutions emerge, carrageenan-based wound-healing medical devices are poised for global accessibility, addressing challenges associated with the complex wound-healing process. The exceptional physico-mechanical properties of carrageenan make it well-suited for highly exudating wounds, offering a promising avenue to revolutionize wound care through freeze-drying techniques. This thorough approach to evaluating the wound healing effectiveness of carrageenan-based films, particularly emphasizing the development potential of lyophilized films, has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for patients receiving wound healing treatments. 2024 Elsevier B.V. -
Medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and herbs to combat viral pathogens including sars-cov-2
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most important health issue, internationally. With no specific and effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19, new or repurposed antiviral are urgently needed. Phytochemicals pose a ray of hope for human health during this pandemic, and a great deal of research is concentrated on it. Phytochemicals have been used as antiviral agents against several viruses since they could inhibit several viruses via different mechanisms of direct inhibition either at the viral entry point or the replication stages and via immunomodulation potentials. Recent evidence also suggests that some plants and its components have shown promising antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes certain phytochemical agents along with their mode of actions and potential antiviral activities against important viral pathogens. A special focus has been given on medicinal plants and their extracts as well as herbs which have shown promising results to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be useful in treating patients with COVID-19 as alternatives for treatment under phytotherapy approaches during this devastating pandemic situation. 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. -
Recent Advances in Hydrogenation Reactions Using Bimetallic Nanocatalysts: A Review
Hydrogenation reactions have been studied for many decades now and have developed from reactions that appear simple to now being recognized for their many complexities. These reactions are generally catalyzed using monometallic and more recently, with bimetallic nanocatalysts. Hydrogenation plays a vital role in food, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceuticals, and dye industries to name a few. The hydrogenated products derived from several biomass-based compounds are potential fossil fuels. Such products when employed in daily life, can help conserve natural resources. While hydrogenation of alkynes and alkenes are among the simplest of hydrogenation reactions, the most extensive and elegant manifestation of this reaction is seen in polymerization. Polymers like polythene, polypropylene (plastic) have replaced materials like glass, stainless steel, etc., in making daily use items for the obvious advantages of the former. Purification of alkenes is achieved by partially hydrogenating the respective alkynes present in trace amounts. This serves as an important step in the polymerization process. The presence of nitro group on aromatic rings makes them carcinogenic in nature which harms living organisms. For a safe environment, the elimination or modification of this nitro group becomes imperative. The products of hydrogenation of nitroaromatics and amino aromatics form the basis of pharmaceuticals and dyestuffs. A plethora of bimetallic catalysts have been used to catalyze these hydrogenation reactions. These catalysts are evaluated based on their selectivity and efficiency. This review highlights the recent advancements in the field of hydrogenation of nitro compounds, carbonyl compounds, and unsaturated hydrocarbons catalyzed by bimetallic nanoparticles. 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH -
Will the antioxidant supplements impact the mitigation of oxidative stress in Parkinsons disease?
Parkinsons disease is a frequent neurodegenerative condition marked by both non-motor and motor symptoms. It is brought on by the selective depletion of dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra region of the midbrain. Numerous variables, including lifestyle, environment, age, smoking, and underlying medical disorders, affect the occurrence of Parkinsons disease. The free radicals created by oxidative stress have an impact on the morphology and function of neuronal cells and are a factor in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinsons and Alzheimers, disorder. Although the pathophysiological mechanism causing neuronal degeneration is still unknown, oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinsons disease. It also has an association with numerous proteins, including ?-synuclein, amyloid, DJ-1 protein and several signalling pathways like extracellular regulated protein kinases. Reactive oxygen species also contribute to complex Is mitochondrial respiratory activity. The naturally occurring antioxidants are the phenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, and lignans. These antioxidants retain the reactive oxygen species generation and plays a role in several biological effects. As a result, natural plant antioxidants may have an impact on Parkinsons disease and offer an alternative therapy that minimises oxidative stress and slows down the evolution of the disease. 2024 Visagaa Publishing House. -
A meta-analysis on the effects of haphazard motion of tiny/nano-sized particles on the dynamics and other physical properties of some fluids
Decline in the theoretical and empirical review of Brownian motion is worth noticing, not just because its relevance lies in the field of mathematical physics but due to unavailability of statistical technique. The ongoing debate on transport phenomenon and thermal performance of various fluids in the presence of haphazard motion of tiny particles as explained by Albert Einstein using kinetic theory and Robert Brown is further clinched in this report. This report presents the outcome of detailed inspections of the significance of Brownian motion on the flow of various fluids as reported in forty-three (43) published articles using the method of slope linear regression through the data point. The technique of slope regression through the data points of each physical property of the flow and Brownian motion parameter was established and used to generate four forest plots. The outcome of the study indicates that an increase in Brownian motion corresponds to an enhancement of haphazard motion of tiny particles. In view of this, there would always be a significant difference between the corresponding effects when Brownian motion is small and large in magnitude. Maximum heat transfer rate can be achieved due to Brownian motion in the presence of thermal radiation, thermal convective and mass convective at the wall in three-dimensional flow. In the presence of heat convective and mass convective at the wall, and thermal radiation, a significant increase in Nusselt number due to Brownian motion is guaranteed. A decrease in the concentration of fluid substance due to an increase in Brownian motion is bound to occur. This is not achievable in the case of high entropy generation and homogeneous-heterogeneous quartic autocatalytic kind of chemical reaction. 2019 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan) -
Review of Geopolymer Composites Synthesized Using Different Industrial By-products
Managing the substantial volume of industrial waste is challenging due to diminishing landfill capacity and associated risks to people and the environment. The optimal approach is to repurpose or find alternative applications for these waste products. Previous studies have investigated using industrial waste and chemicals to enhance soil stability. Common binders like cement, while offering significant stabilization potential, raise concerns about economic feasibility and environmental impact. Recently, theres a growing interest in low carbon emission cementing agents. This trend leads to using waste by-products for geopolymer binder production, potentially strengthening soft soil in an eco-friendly way. Unconfined compressive strength, vital in construction foundation design, has been a focus of extensive research to enhance soil strength over the years. This paper provides a brief overview of several studies that highlight the utilization of various industrial waste products in the synthesis of geopolymers. Also, this comprehensive review centers on investigations related to the application of geopolymers derived from industrial solid waste as a soil stabilizer. The review delves into the impact of various parameters, including different percentage mixes (%), molarity (M), temperature (T), curing time (days), on the unconfined compressive strength of the soil. It has been observed that, a variety of industrial by-products like Bagasse ash (BA), Blast furnace slag (BFS), Egg shell powder (ESP), Fly ash (FA), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Iron Ore Tailings (IOT), Metakaolin (MK), Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP), Rice husk ash (RHA), Red Mud (RM), etc. can serve as valuable source materials for geopolymerization. In most of the studies, the commonly utilized alkaline activator consists of a blend of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution. The unconfined compressive strength of geopolymerized industrial waste products relies on specific parameters, including optimal alkaline concentration, activator liquid to raw material mass ratio, and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide solution ratio. Diverse curing conditions are also necessary, varying with raw materials and activators. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering 2024. -
Mid-infrared variability of ?-ray emitting blazars
Using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we studied the mid-infrared (mid-IR) 3.4 ?m (W1-band) and 4.6 ?m (W2-band) flux variability of ? -ray emitting blazars. Our sample consists of 460 flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) and 575 BL Lacertae (BL Lac) objects. On intraday time-scales, the median amplitude of variability (? m) for FSRQs is 0.04+0.03?0.02 and 0.05+0.03?0.02 mag in W1 and W2 bands. For BL Lacs, we found median ? m in W1(W2) bands of 0.04+0.01?0.02 (0.04+0.02?0.02) mag. On long time-scales, for FSRQs we found a median ? m of 0.44+0.28?0.27 and 0.45+0.27?0.27 mag in W1 and W2 bands, while for BL Lacs, the median values are 0.21+0.18?0.12 and 0.22+0.18?.011 mag in W1 and W2 bands. From statistical tests, we found FSRQs to show larger ? m than BL Lacs on both intraday and long time-scales. Among blazars, low synchrotron peaked sources showed larger ? m compared to intermediate synchrotron peaked and high synchrotron peaked sources. The larger ? m seen in FSRQs relative to BL Lacs on both intraday and long time-scales could be due to them having the most powerful relativistic jets and/or their mid-IR band coinciding with the peak of the electron energy distribution. BL Lacs have low power jets and the observational window too traces the emission from low-energy electrons, thereby leading to low ? m. In both FSRQs and BL Lacs predominantly a bluer when brighter behaviour was observed. No correlation is found between ? m and black hole mass. 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society -
Recent Advances in Nanomaterials Based Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors
Nanotechnology and molecular imprinting both are omnipresent in the modern scientific world. Molecular recognition in the biological systems was mimicked to an extreme extent with its difficulties through molecular imprinting. Solving the problems related to this mimicking was the goal of science and technology. Some challenges like difficulties with the imprinting of protein, poor compatibility with aqueous environments, template leakage, and heterogeneous populations of binding sites in the polymers that contribute to a high level of nonspecific binding sites were addressed with recent advancement in the modern era. These issues were solved later with nano level instrumentations and inventions. Different types of nanomaterials were employed for this research on molecular recognition through MIPs to enhance selectivity, sensitivity and stability to specific systems such as sensors. This review paper attempts to give all the recent advances in molecular imprinting and the potential of nanomaterials in electrochemical sensors. 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. -
An extensive review on transition metal catalyzed indole C[sbnd]H activation: Catalyst selection and mechanistic insights
The present review article explores the expansive synthetic methodologies facilitated by C[sbnd]H activation of indoles using transition metal catalysts. The strategic utilization of catalysts such as palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and manganese has revolutionized organic synthesis by enabling selective alkynylation, acylation, and annulation reactions. These transformations are pivotal in pharmaceuticals, particularly in the synthesis of antihistamines and potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, these catalysts play a crucial role in perfumery and other chemical industries, enhancing the efficiency and precision of compound synthesis. The choice of transition metal catalysts is informed by their affordability and compatibility with both traditional analytical methods and innovative techniques like microwave synthesis and LED irradiation. Furthermore, this review underscores the interdisciplinary impact of transition metal-catalyzed C[sbnd]H activation on indoles, highlighting its significance in advancing both fundamental organic chemistry and applied sciences essential for modern technological advancements and drug discovery efforts. 2024 The Author(s) -
Microplastics distribution and potential health implications of food and food products
Microplastics, miniscule plastic fragments ubiquitous in the environment, pose a growing threat as they infiltrate our food chain. This review delves into the contamination of various food categories, including seafood, agricultural products, and even processed foods through packaging and processing methods. Developing reliable analytical techniques to accurately detect microplastics levels within complex food matrices is crucial to gauge the true extent of this contamination. Although the entire range of potential health effects associated with microplastic intake is not yet known, there is reason to be concerned about the risks. These include the potential for microplastics to physically hurt the gastrointestinal tract, exposure to chemicals that seep from the polymers themselves, and the potential for microplastics to act as carriers for other dangerous compounds. This analysis identifies important knowledge gaps about the long-term health effects of microplastics exposure. It highlights the urgent need for more investigation to fully assess the possible dangers connected to microplastics in the food chain. Furthermore, it is imperative that efficient mitigation measures be put in place as soon as possible to protect food safety from microplastics contamination. More cooperation is required to create more stringent laws governing the use of plastic, investigate substitute materials for manufacturing and packaging, and create effective filtering systems for the processing of food and water. Through devoted research to close knowledge gaps and the implementation of strong mitigation strategies, can make proactive efforts to safeguard public health and maintain the integrity of our food supply chain for future generations. 2024 Elsevier Inc. -
Microbial Decomposition of Feather Waste
Keratin is generally found as an ?-keratin helix form in hair, nails, horns and ?-keratin sheet form found in feathers, scales, beaks and claws. ?-keratin contains a domain rich in residues favoring to form ?-sheet structures associated with the filament framework. 'N' and 'C' terminal domains are associated with the matrix and forms cross-linking via disulfide bonds. Several million tons of feather waste are generated by poultry industries each year. Since this waste is rich in protein, it contains excellent potential as a protein source for animal feed and other applications.Bacterial and fungal strains used in microbial degradation of feathers are summarized. Various species from the bacterium genus are involved in keratin degradation including Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Brevibacillus, Fusarium, Geobacillus, Chryseobacterium, Xanthomonas and Serratia which are some keratin degrading bacteria. Actinomycetes and fungi also contribute to feather degradation by the enzyme activity of keratinases. 2022 World Research Association. All rights reserved. -
A clinical study of hepatitis B
The spread of Hepatitis B, which is a severe and enduring disease that origins from its virus is a vital universal issue. It is assessed that about 70 crore people around the globe are enduring HBV transporters. The medical range of HBV virus series starting with subclinical to severe suggestive hepatitis or, hardly, hazardous hepatitis during the severe point and from the quiet hepatitis B external antigen (HBsAg) transporter state, enduring hepatitis of numerous grades of histologic sternness to cirrhosis and its difficulties during the enduring point. In this research paper, we witness medication, signs, and consequence of Hepatitis B. 2019 by Advance Scientific Research. -
COVID-19 and the world with co-morbidities of heart disease, hypertension and diabetes
Newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has now spread across the globe in past few months while affecting 26 million people and leading to more than 0.85 million deaths as on 2nd September, 2020. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection increases in COVID-19 patients due to pre-existing health co-morbidities. This mini-review has focused on the three significant co-morbidities viz., heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes, which are posing high health concerns and increased mortality during this ongoing pandemic. The observed co-morbidities have been found to be associated with the increasing risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 critical illness as well as to be associated positively with the worsening of the health condition of COVID-19 suffering individuals resulting in the high risk for mortality. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cell via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. Regulation of crucial cardiovascular functions and metabolisms like blood pressure and sugar levels are being carried out by ACE2. This might be one of the reasons that contribute to the higher mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities. Clinical investigations have identified higher levels of creatinine, cardiac troponin I, alanine aminotransferase, NT-proBNP, creatine kinase, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase in patients who have succumbed to death from COVID-19 as compared to recovered individuals. More investigations are required to identify the modes behind increased mortality in COVID-19 patients having co-morbidities of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. This will enable us to design and develop suitable therapeutic strategies for reducing the mortality. More attention and critical care need to be paid to such high risk patients suffering from co-morbidities during COVID-19 pandemic. 2020 Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. All rights reserved.