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Fluorescence switching via competitive ESIPT and spirolactam ring opening in a multifunctional rhodamine B probe for selective detection of Cu2+ and OCl?: theoretical insights with anticancer and biosensor activity
A multifunctional ESIPT-based rhodamine-derived probe (BHS) was synthesized and developed as a colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for the selective detection of copper (Cu2+) and hypochlorite (OCl?) in aqueous solutions. Initially, BHS exhibits intense whitish blue fluorescence due to the active excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism within the molecule. However, upon interaction with Cu2+ and OCl?, noticeable changes in absorption and fluorescence occur, attributed to the inhibition of ESIPT resulting from analyte binding with BHS, leading to spirolactam ring opening. Furthermore, significant Stokes shifts in absorption (?? = 34 nm and 170 nm for Cu2+, and 163 nm for OCl?) and emission (?? = 67 nm for both Cu2+ and OCl?) further confirm this transformation. The spirolactam ring opening is induced by Cu2+ coordination, whereas for OCl?, it is triggered by oxidative cleavage. To explore potential biological applications, fluorescence titration experiments were conducted to study the interactions of the BHS-Cu2+ complex with ct-DNA and the transport protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to assess these interactions, while DFT calculations were employed to optimize the structures of BHS and its Cu2+ complex. The fluorescence changes of BHS in the presence of Cu2+ and OCl? in biological samples have been examined by the anticancer and biosensor activity of BHS in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. 2025 RSC. -
An MoS2/PEDOT:PSS-based flexible NIR-responsive soft actuator
The development of sophisticated smart devices heavily relies on flexible soft actuators combined with near infrared (NIR) light responsive two-dimensional (2D) materials. Soft robots provide a number of benefits, such as flexibility, high sensitivity, compliance and security. Amidst many manufacturing and driving approaches, light has surfaced as a facilitator, aiding in the fabrication of soft actuators. Using few-layered molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the current work aims to introduce a polymer nanocomposite film for soft actuator applications under NIR light exposure. The actuation behavior was impacted by PEDOT:PSS under NIR light exposure. In order to incorporate controllable deformation of the actuator, the photothermal properties of the composite film were investigated. In situ Raman spectroscopy and the density functional theory (DFT) calculation explain the structural change and energy optimization of PEDOT:PSS. A soft insect was further designed based on this photothermal property, which can deform under light exposure. Therefore, such flexible design has huge potential for soft robotics applications in modern technologies. 2025 RSC. -
Exploring pseudocapacitive performance in Cr2CTx/NiFe2O4 composites: experimental insights
The growing demand for sustainable and efficient energy storage systems has driven the development of advanced, durable, and cost-effective materials. This study introduces heterostructures of 2D Cr2CTx MXene and NiFe2O4, leveraging their synergistic properties, such as high conductivity, surface termination groups (-OH, -O, and -F), tunable surface chemistry, and rich redox activity. Comprehensive structural and morphological characterization confirms the enhanced functionality of Cr2CTx/NiFe2O4, which exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of 1719.5 F g?1 with 88% retention over 5000 cycles in a three-electrode system. Additionally, the asymmetric supercapacitor device demonstrates a specific capacitance of 486.66 F g?1, an energy density of 97.66 W h kg?1, and a power density of 1203.95 W kg?1, retaining 94% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles. A plausible charge transfer mechanism in the composite is discussed, providing new insights into the synergistic Cr2CTx/NiFe2O4 heterostructures as high-performance materials for energy storage applications. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Hydrous nickel oxyhydroxide thin films on copper foil as robust electrocatalysts for alkaline oxygen evolution
Balancing catalytic activity and durability remains a major challenge for nickel-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes, especially when supported on earth-abundant metals. Here, we demonstrate how the electrodeposition environment governs the structural and electrochemical evolution of nickel coatings on copper foil toward hydrous NiOOH active layers. Nickel was electrodeposited from sulfate baths at pH 3 and 4 to yield compact (Ni-Cuf-3) and hierarchically nodular (Ni-Cuf-4) films, respectively. Structural and electrochemical analyses reveal that deposition pH dictates the oxidemetal coupling and, consequently, the OER performance. Ni-Cuf-4 exhibited a lower overpotential (434 mV at 50 mA cm?2) and approximately tenfold higher Cdl (2.68 mF cm?2vs. 0.221 mF cm?2), corresponding to a larger density of electrochemically accessible sites. In contrast, Ni-Cuf-3 delivered a higher turnover frequency (TOF ?1 O2 s?1 per Ni site) and superior durability (?60 h at 800 mA cm?2). Impedance spectroscopy highlights distinct interfacial charge transfer characteristics arising from the different film morphology. Importantly, both electrodes achieve reduced nickel loading while suppressing copper dissolution, offering a sustainable pathway to durable, cost-effective OER catalysts. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2026 -
High-performance Zn(ii)-based coordination polymer as an electrode material for pseudocapacitive energy storage and hydrogen evolution
Recently, multifunctional materials for energy storage and production have been investigated to address diverse energy challenges. However, innovative methodologies focusing on the design and synthesis of novel materials remain essential to effectively tackle persistent challenges such as material degradation, high overpotentials, low conductivity, inferior cycling performance, elevated resistance, and high production costs. Working along these lines, we report a simplistic gram-scale synthesis, characterization, and excellent electrochemical behavior of a Zn(ii)-based coordination polymer (COP) abbreviated as Zn(DAB). It has been obtained in quantitative yields through a facile one-pot reaction between N4-ligand, 3,3?-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and Zn(ii) ions, derived from Zn(OAc)22H2O, at room temperature. The proposed structure of the COP was established through a series of standard spectroscopic and electron microscopic analyses. These methods unveiled the self-assembly of indefinitely long coordination strands, resulting in a two-dimensional (2D) layered structure. Zn(DAB), when probed for its electrochemical characteristics, reveals exemplary results. The material showed a high specific capacitance of 2091.4 F g?1, calculated at 1 A g?1 with 92% retention over 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Additionally, the COP also exhibited a subservient overpotential of 263 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm?2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction. These results highlight the promising potential of Zn(DAB) as a multifunctional electrode material for sustainable energy applications. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Designing in situ nanostructured MWCNT-phloroglucinol modified webs for electrochemical-based dual screening of stress biomarkers
Phloroglucinol (PG), or benzene 1,3,5-triol, is an essential phenolic compound and a vital tannin. In this study, we developed a tannin-phloroglucinol (PG) derived redox mediator for the detection of glutathione (GT) and H2O2 on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a multiwalled-chitosan composite. The PG redox platform was prepared using a cyclic voltammetric approach in pH 7 aqueous buffer media without any additional surfactant/chemical moieties. A highly stable, fouling-free surface confined redox characteristic was observed at an apparent electrode potential of E0? = ?0.196 V (A1/C1) and 0.05 V (A2/C2) vs. Ag/AgCl was observed. The as-prepared electrochemical platform achieved an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) for glutathione (GT) of 0.16 M and LOQ of 2.08 M using a sustainable platform. In addition, it exhibited high selectivity for GT in the presence of various interfering analytes. In addition, the modified platform was extended to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensing at ?0.196 V vs. Ag/AgCl with a LOD of 5.4 M in PBS buffer media at v = 10 mV s?1. The GCE/MWCNT-Chit@PG-Redox demonstrated robust performance in a proof-of-concept experiment for analyzing GT and H2O2 in real samples using a standard addition approach with good recovery values. This journal is the Owner Societies, 2026 -
Development of a natural product-based selective fluorescent sensor for Cu2+ and DNA/protein: insights from docking, DFT, cellular imaging and anticancer activity
The natural product seselin (SS), was synthesized and characterized spectroscopically for the selective detection of Cu2+ and biomolecules such as ct-DNA and BSA. The probe exhibits strong bluish emission in a MeOH-H2O (7 : 3, v/v) HEPES buffer solution (pH 7.4) at 453 nm. Upon exposure to Cu2+, the SS solution shows a selective fluorescence turn-off with a binding constant of 2.13 105 M?1 and a detection limit of 3.48 10?8 M. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of the probe SS decreases from ?E = 7.97 eV to ?E = 7.77 eV upon binding with Cu2+, indicating enhanced stability due to ligand-metal complex formation. Significantly, the ligand SS exhibits fluorescence enhancement in the presence of ct-DNA and BSA, resulting in a visible fluorescence change from colorless to blue, with binding constants of 4.8 104 M?1 and 4.7 104 M?1, respectively. The binding interactions of SS with biomacromolecules have been explored through molecular docking studies, revealing that the probe can serve as a promising anti-cancer and anti-viral agent. Furthermore, the probe SS demonstrates potent anticancer activity in treatments involving MCF-7 and HLC cells. Additionally, the probe SS is capable of detecting intracellular Cu2+ in live MCF-7 cell lines. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Selective dual-mode detection of reactive oxygen species and metal ions by chemodosimetric vs. chelation pathways: fluorescence turn-on with OCl? and Zn2+/Mn2+, employing theoretical, practical, and bioimaging applications
An indole-coupled diaminomaleonitrile-based fluorescent chemosensor IMA has been designed and developed for the selective detection of ROS (OCl?) and metal ions Zn2+ and Mn2+via chemodosimetric and chelation pathways respectively. The selective sensing of OCl? is induced by a method of oxidatively cleaving of the imine bond of IMA, forming free indole aldehyde, which results in a 21-fold enhancement of fluorescence at 521 nm, with a detection limit of 2.8 M. On the other hand, the selective binding of IMA with Zn2+ and Mn2+ results in chelation-induced enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) and increased intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), leading to a 4-fold and 3-fold fluorescence enhancement at 432 nm and 435 nm, with the detection limits of 12.71 M and 17.34 M, respectively. UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, DFT study, mass spectra, 1H-NMR analysis, and Job's plot analysis have been used to validate the sensing mechanism of IMA with OCl?, Zn2+, and Mn2+. For practical applications, the binding of IMA with OCl? has been utilized in the detection of commercial samples like bleaching powder and water analysis. Bio-imaging studies were conducted with IMA in the presence of OCl? and Zn2+ using green gram seeds in a physiological medium. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Polypyrrole functionalized MoS2 for sensitive and simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions in water
Assessing heavy metal ion (HMI) contamination to sustain drinking water hygiene is a challenge. Conventional approaches are appealing for the detection of HMIs but electrochemical approaches can resolve the limitations of these approaches, such as tedious sample preparation, high cost, time consuming and the need for trained professionals. Here, an electrochemical approach is developed using a nano-sphered polypyrrole (PPy) functionalized with MoS2 (PPy/MoS2) by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry for the detection of HMIs. The developed sensor can detect Pb2+ with a limit of detection of 0.03 nM and a sensitivity of 36.42 ?A nM?1. Additionally, the PPy/MoS2 sensor was employed for the simultaneous detection of HMIs of Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+. The reproducibility, stability and anti-interference studies confirm that the sensor can be used to monitor HMI contamination of water. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Two-dimensional chromium telluride-coated 3D-printed architectures for energy harvesting
Rapid development of industries, urbanization, and technological advancements have increased demand for sustainable and cost-effective alternative energy sources. In this work, a self-powered flexible 3D-printed triboelectric nanogenerator coated with 2D chromium telluride (Cr2Te3) (3D-TENG) is presented as an innovative energy harvesting approach from pressure and temperature. The optimized flexible 3D-printed hexagonal structures with coatings show varying specific yield strength and porosity. The 3D-TENGs achieved a maximum output voltage of ?39 V under periodic impacts of ~0.8 kPa and their performance further increased (?45 V) in the presence of varied temperatures. The outstanding results and flexibility of the 3D-TENG devices highlight their potential in self-powered energy harvesting from external heat, magnetic fields, and body weight. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further explained the interaction between 2D Cr2Te3 and the polymer surface under external impact. Therefore, we believe that our findings illustrate the potential of integrating 2D materials with 3D-printed architectures to enhance the efficiency and adaptability of flexible, lightweight, low-cost, and eco-friendly TENG devices for industrial applications. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Unlocking efficiency: experimental and theoretical insights into biomass-derived carbon nanofluids with enhanced thermal conductivity
The study presents an experimental investigation, supported by theoretical analysis, into the effects of nanoparticle (NPs) concentration, particle size, and shape on the thermal conductivity (TC) of carbon nanosphere (CNS)-based nanofluids (NF). CNS was synthesized from garlic peels (Allium sativum) via pyrolysis at varying temperatures and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other techniques. The NFs were prepared using a two-step method with different CNS concentrations in propylene glycol (PG) and deionized water (DI)/PG mixtures. Particle size distribution and colloidal stability were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analysis. The TC of the NFs was measured across various temperatures, revealing a significant dependency on both particle size and concentration. All NFs exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity to the base fluid (BF), with increases of 52.60%, 101.28%, 108.51%, 114.60%, and 122.64% at 80 C for CNS synthesized at 500 C (AS500), 600 C (AS600), 700 C (AS700), 800 C (AS800), and 900 C (AS900), respectively. Rheological analysis showed a linear increase in dynamic viscosity (V) with rising CNS concentration within the dilute limits (0.01 to 0.1 wt%) and a strong correlation between particle size and thermal conductivity enhancement. These findings emphasize the critical role of CNS particle size in optimizing thermal performance, with potential applications in heat transfer systems. The study culminates with an exercise aimed towards presenting thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity as surface plots. These plots provide behavioral trends for understanding the dependence of TC and V on nanoparticle size and temperature. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Unzipped MWCNT/polypyrrole hybrid composites: a pathway to high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors
A novel method has been developed for the conversion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into unzipped MWCNTs (UzMWCNT) using a modified Hummer's method followed by reduction. This technique allows for the controlled modification of MWCNTs in both transverse and longitudinal directions. The UzMWCNT exhibits unique structural characteristics that combine the properties of 1D nanotubes and graphene-like features. The UzMWCNT/PPy composite exhibited an impressive specific capacitance of 944 F g?1 along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 92% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles. For the UzMWCNT/PPy//AC composite, the gravimetric capacitance decreased with increasing current density, from 400 F g?1 at 1.0 A g?1 to 162 F g?1 at 2.5 A g?1. Furthermore, the UzMWCNT/PPy//AC composite demonstrated outstanding long-term durability, retaining approximately 95% of its capacitance after 5000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g?1, underscoring its excellent cycling stability. This research paves the way for the development of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes using hybrid materials derived from MWCNTs. 2025 RSC. -
Enhanced transport, dielectric and magnetic properties of Ni-doped (YFeO3)0.5(BaTiO3)0.5 perovskite for NTC thermistor and multifunctional applications
The solid-state reaction method was successfully employed to synthesize the environmentally friendly polycrystalline perovskite (Y0.5Ni0.5FeO3)0.5(BaTiO3)0.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, complemented by Rietveld refinement, confirms its multiphase crystalline structure, comprising two cubic and one orthorhombic phase. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) reveals a well-defined surface morphology, while energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental mapping validate the homogeneous distribution of constituent elements. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy further confirm the vibrational and atomic structural integrity of the material. Dielectric studies indicate a high dielectric constant (?338 at 100 Hz, room temperature), with strong frequency and temperature-dependent relaxation effects. Impedance spectroscopy reveals non-Debye relaxation behaviour, NTCR characteristics and impedance in the megaohm range at lower temperatures. AC conductivity results align well with Jonscher's power law. The thermistor coefficient (?) reaches 4778.61 at 450 C, demonstrating excellent potential for thermistor applications. Magnetic studies confirm a prominent ferromagnetic response at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 3.654 emu g?1 and coercive field of 196.4 Oe. These combined properties make (Y0.5Ni0.5FeO3)0.5(BaTiO3)0.5 a promising candidate for multifunctional applications. 2025 RSC. -
Copper-boosted thiol-functionalized carbon nanospheres from biomass: a novel non-noble metal based recoverable catalyst for efficient nitro-to-amine reduction
In this work, the synthesis and catalytic activity of thiol-functionalized copper-deposited porous carbon derived from dry oil palm leaves (Cu/TF-CNS) was investigated for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds. The procedure to synthesize porous carbon nanospheres involves the pyrolysis of oil palm leaves in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1000 C. The resulting porous carbon material was further functionalized with thiol groups to facilitate the uniform deposition of copper nanoparticles and serve as an efficient support. Excellent catalytic performance was shown by the Cu/TF-CNS catalyst in reducing aromatic nitro compounds to their corresponding aromatic amines with a low copper loading of only 4 mol% which is an inexpensive non-noble metal in the presence of NaBH4 as a reducing agent and EtOH/H2O as green solvents. The products were identified using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The catalyst was isolated from the reaction mixture and reused upto 10 cycles without any significant loss in the activity. The ICPAES analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of approximately 8.9% Cu during the deposition process and the reusability of the catalyst underscores its efficacy as a sustainable and effective heterogeneous catalyst for nitroarene reduction. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Fluorogenic selective detection of Zn2+ using a pyrazole-ortho-vanillin conjugate: insights from DFT, molecular docking, bioimaging and anticancer applications
A fluorescent sensor, (E)-N?-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbohydrazide (HMPC), was designed and synthesized for the selective fluorescence recognition of Zn2+ in semi-aqueous media. Notably, HMPC exhibited a red-shifted, two-fold fluorescence turn-on enhancement in response to Zn2+ at 490 nm, with a detection limit of 1.68 ?M, which is significantly lower than the WHO guideline (76.0 ?M). The binding constant of HMPC with Zn2+ was calculated to be 5 104 M?1. The fluorescence enhancement of HMPC in the presence of Zn2+ is attributed to the suppression of the PET process and the enhancement of ICT, leading to fluorescence via the CHEF mechanism. The sensing mechanism was demonstrated through UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, Job plots, ESI-MS, and DFT calculations. For biological applications, cytotoxicity and cell imaging studies were performed using MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking studies revealed a high binding energy of HMPC (?G = ?7.1 kcal mol?1) with the 4,5-diaryl isoxazole HSP90 chaperone protein, suggesting its potential as an anticancer agent. Additionally, its binding energy of ?6.5 kcal mol?1 with the HDAC8 protein indicates greater efficacy than suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in inhibiting HDAC, as it binds more strongly to the HDAC8 protein than SAHA (?7.4 kcal mol?1). Furthermore, due to its favorable ADME profile, HMPC may be suitable for oral administration, enhancing its potential as an anticancer drug. 2025 The Royal Society of Chemistry. -
Kibble-Zurek scaling and spatial statistics in quenched binary Bose superfluids
The emergence of order from an initially uncorrelated state across a phase transition is a central problem in quantum many-body physics, particularly in multicomponent systems where interactions between components lead to rich nonequilibrium dynamics. While defect formation is known to follow universal scaling laws, prior studies have focused mainly on defect density, leaving their spatial organization largely unexplored. Here we show that gradually tuning the chemical potential in a two-dimensional binary Bose gas drives condensation into either a miscible or immiscible phase. In the immiscible regime, domains form whose number, size, and boundary length obey Kibble-Zurek (KZ) scaling and evolve self-similarly. In the miscible regime, vortices emerge with KZ scaling. In both cases, the spatial distribution of vortices and domains is well described by a Poisson point process with KZ-determined density. These results reveal universal features of far-from-equilibrium dynamics and provide a framework to characterize stochastic geometry in multicomponent quantum systems. The Author(s) 2026. -
Quad-band SIW antenna with micro-pocket enabled frequency-agile design for 5G/6G IoT applications
A single polarized substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity supported self-quadruplexing antenna, designed for 5G/6G IoT applications is proposed and prototyped. The model is backed by a rectangular substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW) cavity and features four resonating patches excited separately through four different 50? feed lines. The antenna center frequencies are obtained at 3.29GHz, 4.47GHz, 5.85GHz, and 7.07GHz. Additionally, the cavity is engineered with four sets of micro pockets beneath the patches which can be filled with different materials to offer frequency-agile response. The operating frequencies can be tuned over a wide range between 3.29GHz and 8.4GHz as per the required targets. The layout of the model is chosen meticulously to ensure all ports are co-polarized and isolation between any two is better than 32 dB. The proposed antenna design exhibits competitive performances with a compact size of 0.09 ?g, Front-To-Back-Ratio (FTBR) above 17.83 dB and peak gain of 7.6 dBi. Importantly, all ports are single polarized for the first time in their class. The performance is validated by an equivalent circuit model and prototype characterization. The proposed antenna specifications and configurations well suit for future high-end applications like IoT/5G/6G/satellite communications. The Author(s) 2026. -
Efficient detection of intrusions in TON-IoT dataset using hybrid feature selection approach
This research improves IoT attack classification by introducing a bias-aware dataset refinement strategy that eliminates IP- and port-based identifiers and applies a domain-guided hybrid feature selection framework to derive a lightweight and generalizable feature set. Motivated by the need for intrusion detection models that generalize beyond predefined network configurations, this study focuses on behavior-driven network features that enable more realistic attack categorization in IoT environments. Wrapper-based feature selection methods, including forward selection, backward elimination, and genetic algorithms, identify five optimal features. To assess the robustness of the selected feature subset, both simple classifiers (Decision Tree and KNN) and ensemble learning models, including Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, Bagging, and Voting Ensemble, are evaluated under binary and multi-class settings. Using the proposed reduced feature set, the Decision Tree classifier achieved an accuracy of 0.986 for binary classification and 0.972 for multi-class attack classification, while the K-Nearest Neighbor classifier consistently achieved an accuracy of 0.972 for both binary and multi-class scenarios, while ensemble models yield only marginal performance improvements. Evaluation using precision, recall, F1-score, confusion matrices, and Cohens Kappa confirms that the discriminative power primarily arises from the selected feature subset rather than classifier complexity. These results demonstrate that effective feature selection enables lightweight models to achieve competitive intrusion detection performance suitable for real-world IoT deployments. The Author(s) 2026. -
Analysis of the pooled effect of compression ratio and injection timing variation on conventional diesel engine powered with nano doped biodiesel blend
This research aims to explore how incorporating nanoparticles into a biodiesel-diesel blend influences the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine under varying conditions, including compression ratios, engine loads, and injection timings. The biodiesel and nanoparticles considered for this investigation are mahua biodiesel and Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2), respectively. The experimental fuel is formulated by blending diesel and mahua biodiesel with the addition of titanium oxide nanoparticles. In this study, compression ratio is varied from 17.5 to 18, whereas fuel injection timing of 20, 23, and 25 BTDCs along with engine load variation of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% are considered. The experimentation utilized a single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with a variable compression ratio (VCR) feature and a power output of 3.5kW. The results indicate that the maximum brake thermal efficiency was achieved at a compression ratio of 18 and a fuel injection timing of 20 before Top Dead Center. For the same setting, the nanoparticle-enriched biodiesel-diesel blend exhibited the lowest levels of CO and HC emissions among all test runs, with reductions of 45.34% and 40%, respectively, compared to standard diesel operation. The Author(s) 2025. -
Simulating online and offline tasks using hybrid cheetah optimization algorithm for patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a versatile technique to offer better communication system for people affected by the locked-in syndrome (LIS).In the current decade, there has been a growing demand for improved care and services for individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. To address this barrier, the current work is designed with four states of BCI for paralyzed persons using Welch Power Spectral Density (W-PSD). The features extracted from the signals were trained with a hybrid Feed Forward Neural Network Cheetah Optimization Algorithm (FFNNCOA) in both offline and online modes. Totally, eighteen subjects were involved in this study. The study proved that the offline analysis phase outperformed than the online phase in the real-time. The experiment was achieved the accuracies of 95.56% and 93.88% for men and female respectively. Furthermore, the study confirms that the subjects performance in the offline can manage the task more easily than in online mode. The Author(s) 2025.