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Biogenic synthesis of dopamine/carboxymethyl cellulose/TiO2 nanoparticles using Psidium guajavaleaf extract with enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities
The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered considerable attention from researchers due to its utilization of eco-friendly solvents during synthesis and cost-effective approaches. This study focuses on the synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) and dopamine (DA) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-doped TiO2 (DA/CMC/TiO2) NP using Psidium guajava leaf extract, while also investigating the structural, optical, and morphological and biocidal potential of the prepared NPs. Significantly larger zones of inhibition were observed for DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs compared to TiO2 against various pathogens. Moreover, the MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the anticancer activity of the prepared samples against MG-63 cells, and the results revealed that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited significantly higher level of anticancer activity compared to TiO2. The experimental results demonstrated that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner when compared to TiO2 NPs. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. -
Carboplatin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8: Induction of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis in breast cancer cell
The challenge with breast cancer is its ongoing high prevalence and difficulties in early detection and access to effective care. A solution lies in creating tailored metalorganic frameworks to encapsulate anticancer drugs, enabling precise and targeted treatment with less adverse effects and improved effectiveness. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and carboplatin (CP)-loaded ZIF-8 were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. High Resolution-transmission electron microscopy of ZIF-8 and CP@ZIF-8 indicates that the particles had a spherical shape and were nanosized. The drug release rate of CP is 98% under an acidic medium (pH 5.5) because of the dissolution of ZIF-8 into its coordinating ions, whereas 35% in a physiological medium (pH 7.4) with the addition of CP, the high porosity, and pore diameter of ZIF-8 decrease from 1243 to 1041m2/g. Breast cancer MCF-7 cells were shown greater IC50 in CP@ZIF-8 (15.013.03g/mL) than free CP (34.984.25g/mL) in an in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. The cytotoxicity of the CP@ZIF-8 against MCF-7 cells was studied using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method. The morphological changes were examined using fluorescent staining (acridine orangeethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258) methods. The comet assay assessed the DNA fragmentation (single-cell gel electrophoresis). The results from the study revealed that CP@ZIF-8 can be used in the treatment of breast cancer. 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. -
Carboplatin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8: Induction of antiproliferative activity and apoptosis in breast cancer cell
The challenge with breast cancer is its ongoing high prevalence and difficulties in early detection and access to effective care. A solution lies in creating tailored metalorganic frameworks to encapsulate anticancer drugs, enabling precise and targeted treatment with less adverse effects and improved effectiveness. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and carboplatin (CP)-loaded ZIF-8 were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. High Resolution-transmission electron microscopy of ZIF-8 and CP@ZIF-8 indicates that the particles had a spherical shape and were nanosized. The drug release rate of CP is 98% under an acidic medium (pH 5.5) because of the dissolution of ZIF-8 into its coordinating ions, whereas 35% in a physiological medium (pH 7.4) with the addition of CP, the high porosity, and pore diameter of ZIF-8 decrease from 1243 to 1041m2/g. Breast cancer MCF-7 cells were shown greater IC50 in CP@ZIF-8 (15.013.03g/mL) than free CP (34.984.25g/mL) in an in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. The cytotoxicity of the CP@ZIF-8 against MCF-7 cells was studied using the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method. The morphological changes were examined using fluorescent staining (acridine orangeethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258) methods. The comet assay assessed the DNA fragmentation (single-cell gel electrophoresis). The results from the study revealed that CP@ZIF-8 can be used in the treatment of breast cancer. 2024 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. -
Evaluation of Potential Toxicity of Calotropis gigantea Leaf Extract on Danio rerio: Bioactive Compounds, Oxidative Stress and Histological Toxicity Analysis
A greater understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of plant-based products is required due to their increasing use. Despite its long-recognised medicinal properties, Calotropis gigantea possesses toxic characteristics that necessitate further investigation into its chemical composition and biological effects. This study evaluates the toxicity of crude C. gigantea leaf extracts on the freshwater fish Danio rerio over a 30-day exposure period. Alongside GCMS analysis, which identified 48 major constituents, the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were assessed using the DPPH assay. The extracts exhibited a higher flavonoid content than phenolic content, indicating strong antioxidant potential. In contrast, biochemical analyses revealed that exposed fish showed significantly elevated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), signifying cellular stress and disruption of redox homeostasis. Histological examinations of the liver, brain, muscle, and gills of treated fish demonstrated notable alterations. The gills exhibited lamellar fusion and epithelial lifting, impairing respiration. The brain showed neuronal vacuolation and degeneration, suggesting neurotoxicity, while muscle tissues displayed myofibrillar degeneration. Liver samples revealed hepatocyte necrosis and vacuolisation, indicative of metabolic dysfunction. Collectively, these enzymatic and systemic histopathological responses emphasise the toxicological impacts of C. gigantea extracts on aquatic organisms. The findings underscore the importance of ecotoxicological evaluations and the dual nature of medicinal plants such as C. gigantea, which can be both therapeutic and harmful. In addition to stressing the necessity for cautious application and further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, this study provides valuable insights into the biological effects of plant-derived compounds. 2025, Dr Tarak Nath Podder Memorial Foundation. All rights reserved. -
Unveiling the Redox Characteristics of Rutin Trihydrate-Canvas-Based Sensor for Hydrazine Sensing in Water Samples
The inclusion of redox mediators into electrocatalytic systems facilitates rapid electron shuttling kinetics and boosts the overall catalytic performance of the electrode. This approach overcomes the sluggish reaction dynamics associated with direct electron transfer, which may be impeded by restricted analyte access to the electrodes active sites. In contrast to conventional synthetic redox mediators, naturally sourced phytomolecule rutin trihydrate (RT), extracted from apple juice, offers potential ecological advantages. This bands with green chemistry principles and sustainability in electroanalytical approaches. The current work presents an eco-friendly and direct electrochemical approach to fabricate a redox-active RT-immobilized MWCNT-infused PEDOT hybrid material-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT). The developed electrode showcased a sharp and stable redox signal at E0 = 0.63 V vs Ag/AgCl with no surface-fouling characteristics. The efficacious functionalization of RT onto MWCNT + PEDOT was corroborated by a remarkable increase in the surface characteristics, enhanced electrochemical current responses, and low charge transfer resistance. The GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT exhibited highly selective and sensitive sensing responses toward the toxic and potentially carcinogenic hydrazine (HZ) via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, yielding a low detection limit (DL) of 1.02 ?M and a sensitivity of 0.032 ?A ?M-1 in a linear dynamic range between 0 and 1350 ?M. In addition, the method was highly efficient for HZ detection in real samples of tanker, tap, and wastewater samples, producing a good recovery of ?98%. 2025 American Chemical Society. -
Advanced Machine Vision Paradigms for Medical Image Analysis
Computer vision and machine intelligence paradigms are prominent in the domain of medical image applications, including computer assisted diagnosis, image guided radiation therapy, landmark detection, imaging genomics, and brain connectomics. Medical image analysis and understanding are daunting tasks owing to the massive influx of multi-modal medical image data generated during routine clinal practice. Advanced computer vision and machine intelligence approaches have been employed in recent years in the field of image processing and computer vision. However, due to the unstructured nature of medical imaging data and the volume of data produced during routine clinical processes, the applicability of these meta-heuristic algorithms remains to be investigated. Advanced Machine Vision Paradigms for Medical Image Analysis presents an overview of how medical imaging data can be analyzed to provide better diagnosis and treatment of disease. Computer vision techniques can explore texture, shape, contour and prior knowledge along with contextual information, from image sequence and 3D/4D information which helps with better human understanding. Many powerful tools have been developed through image segmentation, machine learning, pattern classification, tracking, and reconstruction to surface much needed quantitative information not easily available through the analysis of trained human specialists. The aim of the book is for medical imaging professionals to acquire and interpret the data, and for computer vision professionals to learn how to provide enhanced medical information by using computer vision techniques. The ultimate objective is to benefit patients without adding to already high healthcare costs. 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Surface-modified carbon nanomaterials
Surface-modified or engineered nanostructures have become an essential aspect of surface modification in various domains. They inherit promising properties that can be tailored based on specific requirements enabled by design and fabrication essentials. Among them, carbon-based materials are potential candidates for various applications in drug delivery, energy storage, environmental profiling, and disease diagnosis. The biomedical applications of carbon-based nanomaterials have recently boomed for disease-specific prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. They can be extended for precise, specific, and sophisticated approaches to yield long-lasting and favourable outcomes. In this book chapter, we will be discussing about the interesting properties of carbon, such as good mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, and desirable morphological features. In continuation, the history of carbon surfaces and nanomaterials will be discussed to provide a background knowledge of the element. We will also discuss the relevant reports on emerging carbon-based nanomaterials, their attributes, and applications in distinct arenas involving electrochemical-based approaches. The protocols for surface modification will be summarised in the later section of the chapter. Finally, their downsides will be compared. These nanostructured carbon surfaces confer the advantages of small size, enabling advantages over bulk phase materials. Finally, the toxicity of surface-modified carbon materials has been studied in depth before the summation of the chapter. 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. -
Phyto-Electrochemical Mapping of Indian Cappers: Redox Mediator Application on Mesoporous Carbon Based Electrodes
Indian Cappers (IC), often known for its wide range of applications as a medicinal plant, is an essential spice with phenolic phytochemical attributes. These are plausibly electrochemically redox active in nature. The redox moiety of phytochemicals can be exploited as a green route electron-transfer mediator, rather than conventional chemical redox mediators. Herein, mesoporous carbon-assisted electrochemical redox mapping of a phytochemical using IC plant is reported. A well-defined redox peak for IC-redox with E0 = 0.2 V is observed with a surface excess (?) value of 44.8 109 mol cm?2. Physico-chemical characterization is carried out to provide a detailed analysis of IC redox-based constituents. Furthermore, the fabricated IC sensor is used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of Ascorbic acid (AA) as a model system for preparing electrochemical sensors. The prepared sensor gave a notable oxidation peak for AA at E?= 220 mV with a sensitivity value of 0.0385 ?A/?M in the range of 0?1000 ?M. This work is a preliminary experiment for on-site testing of ascorbic acid in blood serum samples as a point of care testing. Additionally, the Cappers showed appreciable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, producing clear inhibition zones even without the use of antibiotics. 2025 The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved. -
Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrazine Hydrate Using Subja Seeds-Green Redox Chemistry-Impregnated Carbon-Modified Platform: Harmonizing Sustainable Sensing
The inclusion and interpretation of various phyto-based natural moieties embodying health gains is a critical and worthwhile scientific investigative focus. The descriptions comprehend their fundamental build-up, redox data, with significant electron shuttling, and strenuous obstacles in regard to the green-plant bioactives. Thus, a pressing and transformative undertaking toward simplistic electrocatalytic probe applications exploiting their reactive sites is a key focus, time demanding, or immediate call for top priority. Plant-sourced Basil or Subja seeds-redox entrapped within the mesoporous carbon spheres on a glassy carbon (GC) surface has been established (GC/graphitized mesoporous carbon [(GMC)@Subja] in this work. Unlike other established research constituting conventional approaches with limited access toward nonspecific or featureless voltammetric signals, we report a well-defined, sharp faradic response with an electrode potential E0' = 0.23 V (A1/C1) and 0.3 V (A2/C2) signals. The model Subja seeds-redox (GC/GMC@Subja) has been developed in an aqueous pH 7 phosphate buffer (PB) solution, contributing toward a sustainable and resilient strategy. This electrochemical methodology involved an underlying sp2-based mesoporous carbon framework for the ?-electron interaction and adsorption of the Subjaredox, leading to sp3 hybridization. The electrocatalytic function of GC/GMC@Subja showcased selective hydrazine (HZ) oxidation with a sensitivity and detection limit of 0.98 ?A mM-1 and 1.20 ?M (s/n = 3), respectively. Furthermore, the as-prepared system demonstrated HZ sensing in real samples with a recovery value of ?101.3%. 2026 IEEE. -
Unveiling the Redox Characteristics of Rutin Trihydrate-Canvas-Based Sensor for Hydrazine Sensing in Water Samples
The inclusion of redox mediators into electrocatalytic systems facilitates rapid electron shuttling kinetics and boosts the overall catalytic performance of the electrode. This approach overcomes the sluggish reaction dynamics associated with direct electron transfer, which may be impeded by restricted analyte access to the electrodes active sites. In contrast to conventional synthetic redox mediators, naturally sourced phytomolecule rutin trihydrate (RT), extracted from apple juice, offers potential ecological advantages. This bands with green chemistry principles and sustainability in electroanalytical approaches. The current work presents an eco-friendly and direct electrochemical approach to fabricate a redox-active RT-immobilized MWCNT-infused PEDOT hybrid material-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT). The developed electrode showcased a sharp and stable redox signal at E0 = 0.63 V vs Ag/AgCl with no surface-fouling characteristics. The efficacious functionalization of RT onto MWCNT + PEDOT was corroborated by a remarkable increase in the surface characteristics, enhanced electrochemical current responses, and low charge transfer resistance. The GCE/MWCNT + PEDOT@RT exhibited highly selective and sensitive sensing responses toward the toxic and potentially carcinogenic hydrazine (HZ) via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques, yielding a low detection limit (DL) of 1.02 ?M and a sensitivity of 0.032 ?A ?M-1 in a linear dynamic range between 0 and 1350 ?M. In addition, the method was highly efficient for HZ detection in real samples of tanker, tap, and wastewater samples, producing a good recovery of ?98%. 2025 American Chemical Society. -
Electrochemical Transformation of Thiol-Iodine-Based Reactions toward Multiplexed Sensing Applications for Plant-Stress Hormone and Environmental Contaminant
Functionalized thiophenes are potential electroactive species that serve as efficient molecular electrochemical sensors. This work describes the fabrication of a 3-thiophene acetic acid (TAA)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode/multi-walled carbon nanotube (SPCE/MWCNT) platform via a facile electrochemical method in an aqueous medium. The effectual PT-Redox (product of TAA formed postpotentiostatic polarization) integration over SPCE/MWCNT was confirmed through various spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations. The SPCE/MWCNT showcased exceptional interaction with PT-Redox, creating a resilient platform for its precise binding, thereby enhancing the electrodeelectrolyte electroactive region, topographic roughness, electron conductivity, host response, and comprehensive electrochemical properties. The as-prepared electrode (SPCE/MWCNT@PT-Redox) was employed for the selective detection and quantification of glutathione (GT) as well as hydrazine (HyD) in an aqueous medium. The sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic oxidation responses toward these analytes, yielding a good sensitivity of 0.32 ?A mM1, a low detection limit (DL) of 0.225 ?M, a broad linear dynamic window of 0400 ?M for GT, a high sensitivity of 0.13 ?A mM1, a low DLof 0.56 ?M, and a linear window of 0350 ?M for HyD, obtained via the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. This substantiates that the modification with PT-Redox significantly boosted the electrodes interfacial activity and catalytic potential. Furthermore, the electrode exhibited robust antifouling and anti-interference traits, suggesting the composites enhanced stability and sensing capabilities for real-world applications. The captivating features, including excellent specificity, fast response dynamics, and simple sample preparation necessities of the proposed system, reveal a promising platform that accomplishes significant potential in futuristic sensing applications. 2025 American Chemical Society -
Designing in situ nanostructured MWCNT-phloroglucinol modified webs for electrochemical-based dual screening of stress biomarkers
Phloroglucinol (PG), or benzene 1,3,5-triol, is an essential phenolic compound and a vital tannin. In this study, we developed a tannin-phloroglucinol (PG) derived redox mediator for the detection of glutathione (GT) and H2O2 on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a multiwalled-chitosan composite. The PG redox platform was prepared using a cyclic voltammetric approach in pH 7 aqueous buffer media without any additional surfactant/chemical moieties. A highly stable, fouling-free surface confined redox characteristic was observed at an apparent electrode potential of E0? = ?0.196 V (A1/C1) and 0.05 V (A2/C2) vs. Ag/AgCl was observed. The as-prepared electrochemical platform achieved an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) for glutathione (GT) of 0.16 M and LOQ of 2.08 M using a sustainable platform. In addition, it exhibited high selectivity for GT in the presence of various interfering analytes. In addition, the modified platform was extended to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensing at ?0.196 V vs. Ag/AgCl with a LOD of 5.4 M in PBS buffer media at v = 10 mV s?1. The GCE/MWCNT-Chit@PG-Redox demonstrated robust performance in a proof-of-concept experiment for analyzing GT and H2O2 in real samples using a standard addition approach with good recovery values. This journal is the Owner Societies, 2026 -
New Ventures in Medical Tourism: Digital Strategies for Mental Wellness and Patient Trust
Medical tourism is now a global industry which attracts over 14 million patients annually and generating more than 100 billion dollars in revenue. At this stage of development, new startups and digital initiatives are innovative redefining the sectors competitiveness with a focus on mental wellness and trust. While affordability and access were once the major determinants of patients choices, todays travelers are seeking emotional reassurance and genuine connection. In this chapter, I examine the empathic, transparent, psychologically considerate, and emotionally connected digital marketing strategies of tech- driven startups, wellness platforms, and healthcare innovators. It conceptualizes the integration of digital health with entrepreneurial innovation and patient psychology and offers insights and frameworks that view marketing as a form of engagement with compassion. It advocates that the integration of mental wellness with startup- driven digital innovation will transform global medical tourism into a more humane, sustainable, and trusted industry. 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. -
Dual drug co-encapsulation of bevacizumab and pemetrexed clocked polymeric nanoparticles improves antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction in liver cancer cells
Nanoparticle (NP) enabled approaches have been employed for chemotherapeutic administration due to their capacity to regulate drug release and reduce side effects. Additionally, these methods can use several drugs concurrently and impede the proliferation of cancer cells that have developed resistance. Bevacizumab (BVZ) and pemetrexed (PEM) have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the treatment and management of cancer. This work investigates the combined antiproliferative efficacy of BVZ and PEM co-loaded PLGA-PEG NPs (BVZ/PEM@PLGA-PEG NPs) against HepG2 liver cancerous cells. The BVZ/PEM@PLGA-PEG exhibited a sphere-shaped and consistent nanosized distribution. In addition, we evaluated the potential mechanisms for inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis using DAPI staining and cell cycle study. The beneficial combined antiproliferative activity and the apoptosis pathway were detected in the HepG2 cells exposed to BVZ/PEM@PLGA-PEG NPs. Our study determined that the combinational drug treatment of BVZ/PEM@PLGA-PEG NPs has a significant effect on promoting the effectiveness of liver cancer treatment. 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
Construction of Sorafenib Tosylate and Etoposide-loaded Liposomes: A Path to Precision Liver Cancer Therapy and its Apoptosis Induction
Nanotechnology is an effective tool in fighting against cancer, playing a crucial role in investigating and fabricating novel anticancer drugs. Recognizing the worldwide prevalence of cancer, we combined sorafenib tosylate (ST) and etoposide (ETP) within liposomes. We assessed their ability to kill human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HepG2 liver cancer cells. The liposomes effectively contained ST and ETP, exhibiting a particle size distribution below 180nm, a polydisperse index (PDI) below 0.2, a spherical shape, a strong negatively charged zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiencies of 59% for ST, 88% for ETP, and 57% for ST combined with 87% for ETP. The FTIR analysis indicates that the drugs were incorporated within liposomes. Encapsulation of the drugs in liposomes resulted in a more significant cytotoxic impact on HepG2 cells and a reduced cytotoxic impact on HUVECs. The morphological assessment of the HepG2 liver cancer cells was investigated using AO-EB and Hoechst 33258 staining methods. Apoptosis mechanisms of HepG2 cells were examined by Annexin V and PI dual staining. Furthermore, the coadministration of ST and ETP, which were enclosed in liposomes, resulted in a synergistic impact on the drugs, leading to cell death by apoptosis. 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. -
Effectiveness and Perception of 4P's on Green Products in FMCG
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Vol. 3, Issue 11, pp. 311-355, ISSN No. 2349-4182 -
Dynamic Pricing in Airline Industry
Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp. 15-29, ISSN No. 2249-7307 -
Implementing quality healthcare strategies for improving service delivery at private hospitals in India /
Journal of Health Management, ISSN No. 0972-0634. -
Information Extraction Using Data Mining Techniques For Big Data Processing in Digital Marketing Platforms
In the dynamic landscape of digital marketing, harnessing the potential of big data has become paramount for informed decision-making. This study explores the integration of data mining techniques within big data processing frameworks to extract valuable information in digital marketing platforms. With the exponential growth of data generated through online interactions, social media, and e-commerce, traditional methods fall short of uncovering meaningful insights. This research focuses on leveraging advanced data mining algorithms to sift through vast datasets, identifying patterns, trends, and user behaviours. The proposed approach aims to enhance marketing strategies by extracting actionable intelligence from diverse data sources. Techniques such as association rule mining, clustering, and sentiment analysis will be employed to unveil hidden correlations, segment target audiences, and gauge consumer sentiment. The scalability of big data frameworks ensures efficient processing of massive datasets, allowing marketers to make real-time, data-driven decisions. Additionally, the study explores the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing data mining in big data environments for digital marketing. This research contributes to the evolving field of digital marketing by providing a comprehensive framework for extracting, processing, and utilizing information from big data. The findings promise to empower marketers with a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour, enabling the development of more personalized and effective marketing strategies in the ever-evolving digital ecosystem. 2023 IEEE. -
An Aqueous Phase TEMPO-Mediated Electrooxidation of Benzyl Alcohol at ?-CD-PPy-Modified Carbon Fibre Paper Electrode
A green and facile electrocatalytic method for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in an acidic aqueous medium was developed using an anionic micellar system. ?-cyclodextrin-polypyrrole-modified carbon fibre paper (?-CD-PPy/CFP) electrode was successfully used in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol with TEMPO as the mediator. The modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The modified electrode exhibited a strong electrocatalytic activity towards TEMPO-mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.