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Chemical fingerprinting of Peganum harmala seeds via UVVis, XRD, TGA, FTIR, and GC-MS techniques; In vitro assessment of cytotoxic properties
Peganum harmala L., a perennial herb traditionally valued for medicinal and ritual uses, was comprehensively profiled to elucidate its chemical composition and cytotoxic potential. Methanolic seed extracts contained diverse primary and secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Proximate analysis revealed high moisture (45.88 %) and crude fibre (18.39 %) with moderate fat (14.74 %) and protein (7.67 %) levels. Spectroscopic studies supported the presence of ?-carboline alkaloids: FTIR spectra showed characteristic functional group vibrations, UVVis displayed a strong absorption at 440 nm, and X-ray diffraction revealed semi-crystalline patterns enriched in harmine and harmaline. GCMS provided definitive chemical identification, detecting harmine (53.13 %) and harmaline (39.12 %) as major constituents. Thermal analyses (TGADTA and DTG) indicated multiphase decomposition typical of complex organic matrices. Cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay on L929 fibroblast cells demonstrated a dose-dependent decline in cell viability, with an LC50 of 243.9 ?g/mL, signifying moderatehigh cytotoxic potential. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal significance of P. harmala and underscore its promise for phytomedicine, nutraceutical applications, and pharmaceutical research, while highlighting the necessity of standardized and regulated use to ensure efficacy and safety. 2025 -
Chemical leaching of an indian bituminous coal and characterization of the products by spectroscopic techniques
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of high volatile bituminous coal as well as their insoluble organic matter, obtained by chemical leaching with HF, EDTA and acid mixture (HF + HCl and HF + HNO3) were recorded between 500 and 4000 cm-1. UV-Visible-NIR spectroscopy was used to study the sample and its leached products in the 200-800 nm wavelength region. Oxygen containing structures were observed in the 1800-1000 cm-1 zone, aliphatic hydrogen in the 2920-2800 cm-1 zone, aromatic outof- plane structure in the 900-670 cm-1 zone. A great abundance of C=C structure was noticed at 1600 cm-1 region, while clay and silicate minerals were identified in the 540 cm-1 and 1030 cm-1 region. With chemical leaching silicate bands showed a decrease in intensity and were least for EDTA and HF leached samples. The UV-Visible -NIR spectrum showed absorption maximum at 235-270 nm and was shown a red shift with leaching. The II-II* electronic transitions of the poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons was responsible for the absorption at 680 nm. The weak bands observed in the visible region (400-500 nm) were due to the presence of SO2 in the sample and decreased with chemical leaching. It was evident from the results that amongst the leachants used, hydrofluoric acid and acid mixture had significant effect in removing the mineral matter and oxygenated functional groups. -
Chemical leaching of an Indian bituminous coal and characterization of the products by vibrational spectroscopic techniques
High volatile bituminous coal was demineralized by a chemical method. The vibrations of the "aromatics" structure of graphite, crystalline or non-crystalline, were observed in the spectra at the 1600 cm -1 region. The band at 1477 cm -1 is assigned as VR band, the band at 1392 cm -1 as VL band and the band at 1540 cm -1 as GR band. Graphite structure remains after chemical leaching liberates oxygenated functional groups and mineral groups. The silicate bands between 1010 and 1100 cm -1 are active in the infrared (IR) spectrum but inactive in the Raman spectrum. Absorption arising from C-H stretching in alkenes occurs in the region of 3000 to 2840 cm -1. Raman bands because of symmetric stretch of water molecules were also observed in the spectrum at 3250 cm -1 and 3450 cm -1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of a graphite layer on the surface. Leaching of the sample with hydrofluoric acid decreases the mineral phase and increases the carbon content. The ash content is reduced by 84.5wt% with leaching from its initial value by mainly removing aluminum and silicate containing minerals. University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012. -
Chemical Reaction Effects on Nano Carreau Liquid Flow Past a Cone and a Wedge with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Model
Chemical reaction aspect is utilized for heat mass transfer analysis of nano non-Newtonian liquid flow past a cone and a wedge. Flow is steady, laminar and two dimensional created due to a cone and a wedge. The Carreau liquid and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux models are utilized. The magneto-nano Carreau liquid material occupies the porous space. The relevant PDEs are rendered into coupled non-linear ODEs via appropriate transformations before treated them numerically through Runge-Kutta and Newton's method. The computed results are plotted for employing the various values of physical constraints on the profiles of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction. Moreover, vitiation of the friction factor, Nusselt number and Sherwood number against physical parameters are presented numerically. It is figured out that convective heating and Brownian motion effects are constructive for thermal boundary layer growth. Aspect of chemical reaction is significant to control the solute layer growth and mass transfer rate. 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. -
Chemical Reaction-Driven Ferroconvection in a Porous Medium
The effect of chemical reaction on the outset of convection of a ferromagnetic fluid in a horizontal porous layer which is heated from below is studied using small perturbation method. Assuming an exothermic zero-order chemical reaction, the eigenvalues are found by employing the Galerkin method. The effect of magnetic parameters and Frank-Kamenetskii number is discussed. It is established that both magnetic forces and chemical reaction accelerate the threshold of ferroconvection. Further, the fluid layer is destabilized marginally when the nonlinearity of magnetization is strong enough. 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Chemistry and Biological Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Flowers
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is one of the underutilized plants of the Malvaceae family, used for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Its native range spans central Africa, including the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, and South Sudan, and naturalized globally. Traditionally, flowers are used as a food, either consumed fresh or prepared into various recipes. Flowers are also used in the preparation of beverages, fermented and herbal drinks, ice cream, jam, wine, cakes, puddings, chocolates, sauce, soup, and stew. The medicinal properties of the flowers are due to the presence of a wide array of bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids and their glycosides, phenolic acids, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, organic acids, vitamins, and fatty acids. A total of 78 secondary metabolites belonging to different phytochemical groups mentioned above have been identified in the flowers. The activity of H. sabdariffa flowers against hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cancer and tumours, oxidation, obesity, microbial infection, inflammation, and anaemia is reported extensively. The present chapter summarizes the distribution of H. sabdariffa and traditional uses, bioactive compounds, and pharmacological activities of its flowers. Further, the toxicological studies concerning flowers were also discussed. 2026 Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy. -
Chernobyl Disaster Optimizer-Based Optimal Integration of Hybrid Photovoltaic Systems and Network Reconfiguration for Reliable and Quality Power Supply to Nuclear Research Reactors
In view of the complexity and importance of nuclear research reactor (NRR) installations, it is imperative to uphold high standards of reliability and quality in the electricity being supplied to them. In this paper, the performance of low-voltage (LV) distribution feeders integrated with NRRs is improved in terms of reduced distribution loss, improved voltage profile, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by determining the optimal location and size of photovoltaic (PV) systems. In the second stage, the power quality of the feeder is optimized by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) by optimally allocating D-STATCOM units. In the third and fourth stages, the reliability and resilience aspects of the feeder are optimized using optimal network reconfiguration (ONR) and by integrating an energy storage system (ESS). To solve the non-linear complex optimization problems at all these stages, an efficient meta-heuristic Chernobyl disaster optimizer (CDO) is proposed. Simulations are performed on a modified IEEE 33-bus feeder considering the non-linear characteristics of NRRs, variability of the feeder loading profile, and PV variability. The study reveals that the proposed methodology can significantly improve the service requirements of NRRs for attaining sustainable research activities. 2024 by the authors. -
Chest Diseases Prediction from X-ray Images using CNN Models: A Study
Chest Disease creates serious health issues for human beings all over the world. Identifying these diseases in earlier stages helps people to treat them early and save their life. Conventional Neural Networks play an important role in the health sector especially in predicting diseases in the earlier stages. X-rays are one of the major parameters which help to identify Chest diseases accurately. In this paper, we study the prediction of chest diseases such as Pneumonia, COVID-19, and Tuberculosis (TB) from the X-ray images. The prediction of these diseases is analyzed with the support of three CNN Models such as VGG19, Resnet50V2, and Densenet201, and results are elaborated in the terms of Accuracy and Loss. Though all three models are highly accurate and consistent, considering the factors like architectural size, training speed, etc. Resnet50V2 is the best model for all three diseases. It trained with F1 score accuracies of 0.98,0.92,0.97 for pneumonia, tuberculosis, covid respectively. 2021 -
Child friendly schools: Challenges and issues in creating a positive and protective school environment
Schools are considered to be one of the safest places where children are seen on a daily basis and are under the supervision of teachers who are trained and equipped caregivers. Children are victims of all forms of abuse, punishment, neglect, discrimination, and ill-treatment within the school setting. Though there are various policies and programmes at international and national levels, addressing child protection has been a serious challenge for every community. Children need to be protected and any acts that hamper their well-being and safety need to be curbed. The objective of this chapter is to critically evaluate school-based child-protection programmes and suggest a model of child protection through positive schooling. Positive schooling is an approach to create a healthier and safer school environment. Positive schooling emphasises inclusiveness, strength-based education, developing character strengths, creating least restrictive environments, and fostering well-being among the school community, including students and teachers. It aims at creating a positive culture where every learner gets equal opportunities to learn and develop. It gives value to overall well-being of the individual and happiness within the learning environment. It promotes positive teaching strategies without the use of punishment and pressure. The positive culture within the school environment would promote peer support and collaboration, preventing bullying and abuse. Learners and facilitators would respect and support each other, focusing on strengths rather than weakness, which would, in turn, create an inclusive environment accommodating everyone. The chapter also highlights the need for: trained professionals, like counsellors, in school settings; stronger school-based polices; and the need for collaboration among school administrators, counsellors, teachers, and parents. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018. -
Child Mental Health in the Milieu of Online Education
The aim of this chapter is to examine the impact of online education on mental health of children, and explore methods to improve the same. With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, major overhauls were made in day-to-day life including work, home, and education. Shift to online mode of instruction became the primary, if not the only, channel of education. This drastic shift has led to issues like limited social interaction, learning gaps due to insufficient in-person interaction, excessive screen time on devices, and decreased physical activity, which can impact mental health of children. This chapter will explore the impact of online learning on the mental health of children from both mental ill-health and well-being perspectives, the role of parents, teachers, and educational systems, and challenges and opportunities presented by the situation. Further to this, the ways to safeguard and improve mental health of children in the milieu of online education will be discussed. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Child mental health: The role of different attributional styles
Background: High prevalence of mental health issues in the twenty-first century accounts for a lion share in the worldwide burden of disease. There is an alarming decrease in the onset of half of the mental health problems. Hence, it is necessary to explore the current situation and figure out the causes and preventive measures as well as the appropriate mental health enhancement measures. Individual characteristics, such as thinking patterns and perception, have an impact on the mental health. Attributional style is one source of cognitive vulnerability which influences mental health disorders. Therefore, the present study examines whether there are any variations in the mental health of children with different attributional styles. Methods: The current research adopted a cross-sectional research design and selected 150 school going students [74 males and 76 females] between 10-13 years of age as participants. The Child Attributional Style Questionnaire [CASQ], Satisfaction with Life Scale-Children [SWLS-C], Brief Resilience Scale, and Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale [RCADS] are used to gather information. Results: The results indicated that children with a pessimistic attributional style experienced more depression and generalized anxiety than children with other two attributional styles. In terms of gender differences in mental health, female students with pessimistic attributional style significantly differed from their counterparts on depression [?2 [2] = 10.131, p = 0.006] and separation anxiety [?2 [2] = 6.456, p = 0.040]. Conclusion: Attributional style seems to have a significant role in depression and anxiety in female children. Although male children did not show any statistically significant results, they were more likely to be pessimistic in terms of their attributional style, which makes them vulnerable to mental health issues. 2020, Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. All rights reserved. -
Child safety gadget with home security
The Child Safety Gadget Home Security System introduces the initial five iterations of a technologically advanced system that addresses child safety and home security concerns by integrating innovative subsystems. We started with a primary password and incremented towards advanced functionality like a camera for visual verification, a lock mechanism for entry security, and finally, app integration. Finally, we extend the system with additional capabilities to fully implement security solutions based on features like an OLED display and sensors. The concealed pseudo-passcode alert system, which wrists parents up in emergencies to respond quickly, is central to our system. Our framework prioritizes cost-effectiveness, simplicity of scalability, and use effectiveness to provide an affordable solution that can protect children's safety while increasing the efficiency of intelligent sensor networks in home environments. 2026 selection and editorial matter, Dr. Poonam Nandal, Dr. Mamta Dahiya, Dr. Meeta Singh, Dr. Arvind Dagur, Dr. Brijesh Kumar. All rights reserved. -
Child sexual abuse prevention involving mothers: A Quasi-experimental study with Protection Motivation Theory-based intervention
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide problem. The safety of children is everybody's responsibility. Parental and family involvement is crucial in the CSA prevention process. Parental lack of knowledge may increase the risk of abuse among children. Educating parents is crucial as children are mostly dependent on them. The role of mothers in educating children on CSA is of relevance as they are identified as more sensitive and responsible caregivers. The present study aimed to promote knowledge and attitude towards CSA prevention among mothers through a psychoeducation program. A pre- and posttest design (n = 67) was used with an intervention based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). A CSA knowledge and attitude scale was developed for the assessment of the participants for the study. There were significant changes in knowledge and attitude among the participants after the intervention. The prevention of CSA will be effective with knowledge gains after the PMT-based intervention. The intervention programs that involve mothers in CSA education have benefits. The findings of this study can be helpful to incorporate public health approaches to devise evidence-based parental programs in community settings. 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. -
Children Witnessing Violence in India: Nature, Risk Factors, Impact and Prevention Strategies
Children witness various degrees and intensities of violations and violence along with a hoard of environmental stressors. Such a spectrum of violence includes disturbing family environments, witnessing adults, including parents and family members, indulge in violence and abusive behaviours and direct or vicarious exposure to violence outside the home. The chapter aims to provide an overview of the nature and impact of witnessing violence. The frequency, type, intensity and the child's relationship with the people involved or impacted by the violence can determine the impact on a child's mental health and development. Children may witness distressing events in their daily lives like the loss of a loved one or watching adults take up challenging tasks, which may help them be resilient and learn coping skills with appropriate support. Long-term exposure to witnessing violence and trauma can lead to severe emotional and developmental difficulties. Such direct or vicarious exposure to varying degrees of violence may cultivate a culture of fear, repression and silence around the children. These difficulties may be similar to those of children who are direct victims of abuse. Witnessing violence has also been linked to anxiety and depression. Children growing up in such environments are at higher risk of normalizing violence and growing into abusive adults. Poverty, cultural factors, parenting, schooling, and policies can largely determine such risks for children. The paper discusses the preventive and promotive approaches at the school, family and community levels. Education and empowerment of adults in the child's environment can be the best preventative approach. Existing policies and programmes in India for children need to bring in more robust initiatives to identify, report, prevent and protect children witnessing violence. The needs and concerns of children witnessing violence and prevention approaches should be part of courses in helping professionals training and curriculum. The chapter calls for the necessity of individual and community-based interventions in terms of need-based models for addressing the mental health needs of children. The chapter strongly recommends the need for addressing mental health education for families and schools. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022. -
Chinese maritime relations with Malabar Coast, 12001500 AD: A quest for naval dominance
China has had a long history of maritime expedition. Its Indian Ocean connectivity, long before European explorers arrived at the Malabar Coast, had made significant impact on the maritime trade in the Indian Ocean region. Chinas expedition to the Southern Asia was aimed to expand the benevolence of Chinese emperor and to establish its suzerainty in maritime trade rather than to establish the permanent position on land. The political dynamics at home caused the rise and fall of the maritime might of China. The famous explorer, Zheng Hes expeditions represented Chinas ambition to expand its control over the Indian Ocean regions. The Malabar Coast with its geographical advantages had developed maritime activities enhancing its commercial fortunes. China had to accept the strength of Malabar kingdoms in terms of political power, trade and commercial advantages. Importantly, Malabar kingdoms did not accept the Chinese assertions of supremacy but engaged with the Chinese on equal terms. An attempt is made here to trace Chinas maritime strategy to expand their power beyond the immediate periphery and establish its supremacy in the Indian Ocean. 2019, 2019 National Maritime Foundation. -
ChIPSeq Analysis with Bayesian Machine Learning
ChIP-sequencing, otherwise called ChIP-seq, is a technique used to identify protein co-operations with DNA. A crucial advancement to the field of bio-informatics, ChIP sequencing is conducted in research labs around the world to get a better understanding of the way transcription factors and other associated proteins influence the gene in many biological processes and in tackling disease states. ChIP-seq is predominantly a field under the domain of biotechnology, however recent advancements and development of tools to process ChIP data have turned the study into one involving bio-informatics, allowing computer scientists and lab technicians to work on an otherwise scholarly field of biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology and biomedicine. This report illustrates the predominant work-flow undertaken to sequence chromatin from a cell and to gain insights on the gene/protein of interest. Another aspect added is to use Machine Learning with Bayesian statistical techniques for Peak Calling. The different stages enumerated in this paper have been completed either with the R language or on a Web Server titled Galaxy.org. 2019 IEEE. -
Chitosan and L-histidine coated biofunctional TiO? composite with enhanced ROS-mediated antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy for biomedical applications
Societies continue to face the urgent challenge of developing effective, safe, and stable nanoparticles with promising biomedical applications. Herein, the present study synthesis chitosan and L-Histidine dually coated titanium dioxide (TiCSLH) nanocomposite (NC) by chemical co-precipitation method. The antimicrobial performance of TiO? nanoparticles is closely linked to their physicochemical properties, such as reduced particle size, increased bandgap, and the presence of oxygen vacancies, all of which collectively enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibit microbial growth. Structural analyses using XRD and TEM confirmed that TiCSLH nanoparticles possess an anatase phase and a spherical morphology. Compared to TiO?, TiCSLH nanoparticles demonstrated significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity against MRSA, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans strains, as evidenced by larger zones of inhibition from 2324mm. This enhanced efficacy is attributed to their smaller particle size (~ 26 3nm), wider bandgap (3.34eV), and prominent oxygen vacancy-related emissions at 518 and 531nm, which facilitate increased ROS production, resulting in cellular membrane disruption and microbial death. Furthermore, compared to TiO2, TiCSLH exhibited notable anticancer potential against breast cancer cells, with an IC?? of 10?g/mL, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility, as evidenced by its non-toxic response toward L929 fibroblast cells, which showed 83.5% cell viability. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of TiCSLH nanoparticles for diverse biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Chitosan coated multifunctional NiFe?O? nanocomposites as a promising candidate for biomedical applications
Nanoparticles for biomedical applications often suffer from limited stability, low biocompatibility, and suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. To address these challenges, NiFe?O? nanoparticles were functionalized with chitosan (NiFe?O?-CS) via a co-precipitation method, aiming to enhance their structural, optical, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. XRD analysis revealed a reduction in crystallite size from 37 to 33nm after chitosan modification, indicating controlled crystal growth and increased surface area. TEM results confirmed a corresponding decrease in particle size from 35 2.1nm to 29 1.8nm, improving surface reactivity and stability. PL spectra exhibited a red-shift in green emission peaks, suggesting increased oxygen vacancies and defect states that facilitate ROS generation. Antimicrobial assays against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) demonstrated significantly higher activity for NiFe?O?-CS nanocomposites, supported by SEM imaging that showed extensive microbial membrane disruption. Furthermore, NiFe?O?-CS exhibited enhanced anticancer activity against C6 glioma cells, with an IC?? of 35.6g/mL compared to 43.6g/mL for unmodified nanoparticles. Zebrafish embryo studies confirmed the biocompatibility of NiFe?O?-CS at appropriate doses, although dose-dependent embryotoxicity was observed. These findings highlight that chitosan functionalization of dual-metal nanoparticles improves therapeutic efficacy through increased surface interactions and ROS generation while underscoring the need for careful dose optimization. This study presents a novel strategy for designing biopolymer-coated nanocomposites that balance enhanced biomedical performance with safety considerations. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Chitosan Coated-Liposomal Microencapsulation of Fucoidan Extracted from Marine Sargassum wightii: Assessment of Its Biofunctional and Therapeutic Properties
Fucoidan, a sulphated polysaccharide derived from Sargassum wightii, holds significant therapeutic potential due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Despite its therapeutic properties, its clinical efficacy is limited by poor bioavailability and instability. This study reports the successful encapsulation of fucoidan in liposomes employing the thin-film hydration technique, followed by chitosan coating to enhance its stability and biological activity. Structural integrity and successful encapsulation were confirmed through FTIR and UVVis spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity assessed via DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays demonstrated concentration-dependent radical scavenging, with chitosan-coated formulations exhibiting superior efficacy. The formulation was reported to exhibit strong antioxidant potential, as indicated by DPPH (38.65% at 500?g/ml) and H?O? (40.707% at 400 ?g/ml). Antimicrobial testing revealed notable activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, but not against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, suggesting a narrow-spectrum antibacterial potential. The antimicrobial assays conducted reported a zone of inhibition of 11.4mm for a concentration of 2mg/ml. Furthermore, scratch wound assays and MTT-based cytotoxicity analysis on L929 fibroblast cells indicated promising wound-healing activity, with a wound closure of 92.72% observed 72h after treatment with the sample. The IC?? value of 100?g/ml was also reported to have high cell viability of 84.22%. These findings underscore the potential of chitosan-coated liposomal fucoidan as a multifunctional bioactive system for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Chitosan stabilized platinum nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo screening for analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications
In this interdisciplinary research work, the chitosan stabilized platinum nanoparticles are synthesized through the wet chemical method, and the structural, surface morphological, and optical characterizations are done using X-ray crystallography, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The samples were tested in in vitro trials namely egg albumin denaturation assay and DPPH radical scavenging assays and showed significantly lower effective concentrations (EC50) such as 5.44 ?g/ml and 8.068 ?g/ml respectively. The in vitro experiments were followed by in vivo animal model for analgesic and anti-inflammatory behaviour at two doses of 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg utilizing the hot plate method and the carrageenan-induced paw edema model respectively. The in vivo hot plate model for analgesic effect demonstrated that the chitosan stabilized platinum nanoparticles perform exceptionally well and show >90 % analgesia (p < 0.01) by extending the reaction time in the hot plate methodindicating better analgesia. Carrageenan-induced paw edema model demonstrated the exceptional anti-inflammatory ability of chitosan-stabilized platinum nanoparticles. Despite being given at a comparatively lower dosage, chitosan stabilized platinum nanoparticles showed a considerable decrease in paw volume (4045 % edema inhibition) by the third hour of the anti-inflammatory experimentation (p < 0.01) outperforming the standard drug aspirin given at 100 mg/kg. 2025 Elsevier B.V.