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Green synthesis and electrochemical characterization of rGOCuO nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were prepared from graphene oxide (GO) by using piperine as a green reducing agent extracted from Piper nigrum. The obtained rGO had few defects and lacked connectivity between the layers. To overcome these defects, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized ultrasonically and nanocomposites of rGOCuO were prepared. The conductivities of the rGO, CuO and rGOCuO nanocomposites were determined by AC impedance spectroscopy in different electrolytes. Morphology, composition and electronic structure of CuO, rGO and rGOCuO nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images portrait CuO as a fish caught in the net of rGO layers. The rGOCuO nanocomposite exhibiting lower resistance and higher capacitance was used in fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of the fabricated supercapacitor was found to be 137Fg?1. The supercapacitor performance of the nanocomposite electrode is attributed to the synergistic effect of double-layer capacitance of rGO and redox capacitance of CuO nanoparticles. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. -
Green Synthesis of ?-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Mediated Musa Acuminata: A Study of Their Applications as Photocatalytic Degradation and Antibacterial Agent
The present study was aimed to green synthesize of ?-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) using flower extract of Musa acuminata and examination of their antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. The synthesized NPs were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, which exhibited a colour change pattern, and the maximum absorption peak at 265 nm confirmed the formation of ?-Fe2O3 NPs. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of various functional groups coated over the synthesized ?-Fe2O3 NPs. The XRD pattern showed that the formation of rhombohedral structure with an average crystallite size was 21.86 nm. FESEM micrographs revealed that ?-Fe2O3 NPs were roughly spherical in shape. EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Fe and O elements. By TEM analysis, the average particle size was calculated to be 32 nm. Using the well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of ?-Fe2O3 NPs was tested against both gram positive and negative bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The NPs exhibited good antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Finally, the synthesized ?-Fe2O3 NPs demonstrated the photocatalytic degradation of Crystal Violet (CV) dye under sunlight. The efficiency of degradation within 150 min was determined to be 90.27% for CV. This effective removal method under sunlight may support a cost-effective method for degradation of CV dyes from wastewater. Copyright T Indhumathi, N Krishnamoorthy, R. Valarmathy, K Saraswathi, S Dilwyn and S. Prabhu. -
Green synthesis of biocompatible L-Histidine-Modified NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles: A multifaceted approach toward cancer and bacterial therapy
Cancer and infections caused by microbes remain serious global health threats, with multidrug resistance and toxicity associated with treatment constraining the efficacy of traditional therapies. In the present research, biocompatible L-histidine-functionalized nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4-LH) were green synthesized using of Clitoria ternatea flower extract and systematically evaluated for their therapeutic effects. Characterization established their spinel cubic structure, reduced crystallite size (14.4 nm), and enhanced stability when compared to bare NiFe2O4 (21.6 nm). UVvisible spectra revealed a blue shift with expanded band gap from 3.16 eV (NiFe2O4) to 3.92 eV (NiFe2O4-LH). The PL spectra revealed that the NiFe2O4-LH exhibited green emission at 516, 526 nm suggesting increased oxygen vacancies facilitating ROS production. The NiFe2O4-LH NPs demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity when compared to pure NiFe2O4. SEM analysis confirmed extensive bacterial membrane breakdown when exposed to NiFe2O4-LH. Cytotoxicity to MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells showed a significant dose-dependent response with an IC50 of 12.41 ?g/mL. Biocompatibility assessments with zebrafish embryos supported negligible development toxicity, wherein NiFe?O?-LH-treated groups preserved normal morphology until 72 hpf compared to the bare NiFe2O4. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Green synthesis of biocompatible sodium alginate-coated bismuth oxide nanoparticles using Bougainvillea glabra flower extract with enhanced activity against pathogenic microorganisms and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, highlighting the urgent need for effective treatments. Similarly, rising antibiotic resistance emphasizes the demand for new antimicrobial drugs. In response, the present study uses Bougainvillea glabra (B. glabra) as a capping agent to synthesis sodium alginate-doped bismuth oxide (SABO) and environmentally friendly bismuth oxide (BO). SABO exhibited smaller particle size (25 nm) and higher crystallinity compared to BO (42 nm). SEM analysis revealed rock-stone-like morphology with average particle sizes of 42 nm for BO and 25 nm for SABO, indicating smaller and better-dispersed particles in SABO. UVVis DRS analysis showed a red shift in absorbance from 387 nm (BO) to 397 nm (SABO) and a band gap decrease from 2.7 eV to 2.3 eV, suggesting enhanced electronic conductivity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae), and fungi (C. albicans) were all tested for antibacterial activity using BO and SABO. With minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 800 and 1000 g/mL, respectively, SABO showed more activity in the zone of inhibition than the other nanoparticles. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of BO and SABO against HT-29 colorectal cancer cells showed greater efficacy for SABO, with a lower IC50 concentration of 8.1 ?g/mL. These findings suggest that SABO could serve as a multifunctional antimicrobial and anticancer agent in the biomedical field. 2026 Elsevier B.V. -
Green Synthesis of Bioinspired Nanoparticles Mediated from Plant Extracts of Asteraceae Family for Potential Biological Applications
The Asteraceae family is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom with many of them extensively used for significant traditional and medicinal values. Being a rich source of various phytochemicals, they have found numerous applications in various biological fields and have been extensively used for therapeutic purposes. Owing to its potential phytochemicals present and biological activity, these plants have found their way into pharmaceutical industry as well as in various aspects of nanotechnology such as green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles developed from the plants of Asteraceae family are highly stable, less expensive, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Synthesized Asteraceae-mediated nanoparticles have extensive applications in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and photocatalytic degradation activities. This current review provides an opportunity to understand the recent trend to design and develop strategies for advanced nanoparticles through green synthesis. Here, the review discussed about the plant parts, extraction methods, synthesis, solvents utilized, phytochemicals involved optimization conditions, characterization techniques, and toxicity of nanoparticles using species of Asteraceae and their potential applications for human welfare. Constraints and future prospects for green synthesis of nanoparticles from members of the Asteraceae family are summarized. 2023 by the authors. -
Green synthesis of Cobalt Oxide nanoparticles with in-vitro cytotoxicity assessment using pomegranate (Punica granatumL.) seed oil: A promising approach for antimicrobial and anticancer applications
Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their pharmacological implementation have gained importance in the field of nanotechnology. This study primarily aims to explore the use of Punica granatum L. seed oil as a reducing agent for the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles, making it both economically and pharmacologically valuable. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was carried out to study the active metabolites present in P. granatum seed oil. The green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles was established based on the color change of the reaction mixture from dark green to light green. These particles showed a ?max at 279.88 nm for UV-visible spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were performed to confirm the nature of these nanoparticles. The pharmacological potential of these cobalt oxide nanoparticles was tested against microbial pathogens. The results suggest that these nanoparticles exhibited significant activity against various human bacterial and fungal pathogens. Additionally, in in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, demonstrated that CoONPs selectively targeted MCF-7 cancer cells with a significant IC50 value compared to non-cancerous cells (L929). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that green synthesized CoONPs using P. granatum show significant potential against eukaryotic cancer cells and microbial pathogens. Furthermore, this study has implications for medical research centers and pharmaceutical industries in addressing modern challenges such as increasing antibiotic resistance in communities. 2024 Horizon e-Publishing Group. All rights reserved. -
Green synthesis of Fe-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles: enhanced their antibacterial and anticancer properties assessed by biological analysis
Eco-friendly synthesis methods are becoming increasingly important as a sustainable way to produce nanoparticles, thereby improving their potential for biomedical applications. The nanoparticles have a small size, a high surface area-to-volume ratio, and the ability to be functionalized with targeting ligands, making them ideal for drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostic purposes. In anticancer therapies, nanoparticles can enhance treatment efficacy by improving drug solubility, enabling controlled release, and selectively targeting cancer cells, thereby minimizing side effects on healthy cells. In the present work, the green engineering of manganese oxide (GEMn2O3) and iron-doped manganese oxide (GEFe@Mn2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved using a green process with Cynoglossum zeylanicum extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FTIR, DLS, PL, and FESEM analysis. The antibacterial activity of GEMn?O? and GEFe@Mn?O? NPs was tested against S. aureus. GEFe@Mn?O?NPs showed significant antibacterial activity as compared to the GEMn?O?NPs. The antioxidant activity of GEMn?O? and GEFe@Mn?O? NPs was studied again using the DPPH assay. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that GEMn?O? and GEFe@Mn?O? NPs exhibit significant anticancer activity against a human blood cancer cell line (MOLT-4). The findings indicate a strong correlation between the increased oxygen vacancies of the GEFe@Mn?O? NPs and their enhanced biocidal properties. This suggests that GEFe@Mn?O? nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for antibacterial and anticancer applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, including enhanced redox activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and potential for targeted cellular interaction. The incorporation of iron (Fe) and manganese oxide (Mn?O?) provides synergistic effects that can disrupt microbial cell membranes and induce apoptosis in cancer cells through oxidative stress. Moreover, the engineered nanostructure of GEFe@Mn?O? NPs may offer improved biocompatibility and the ability to penetrate biological barriers, making them suitable for therapeutic delivery and biomedical interventions. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Using Semecarpus anacardium Linn leaf Extract: Examination of Anticancer Activity and its Apoptosis Induction
Nanotechnology and biomedical sciences enable diverse molecular and cellular applications. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles, a green chemistry approach, offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NPs) using Semecarpus anacardium Linn (SAL) leaf extract (termed SAL@HA-NPs) as a capping agent and reducing agent. The presence of needle-shaped nanostructures was verified using SEM and TEM investigation. The presence of well-defined rings in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns provided evidence for the polycrystalline nature of the SAL@HA-NPs). The XRD spectrum exhibited clear peaks that closely corresponded to the hexagonal patterns of HA, indicating a mean crystalline diameter of 54.25nm. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of biomolecules from Semecarpus anacardium Linn leaves on the surface of the nanoparticles. The suspension of SAL@HA-NPs displayed a polydispersity index of 0.445 and demonstrated excellent stability, as indicated by the zeta potential of -32.2 mV, as observed in the DLS tests. The SAL@HA-NPs exhibited a harmful effect on the HeLa cervical and HepG2 liver cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 52g/mL. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the deformation of the damaged cell membrane, fragmentation, and cell death following treatment with SAL@HA-NPs. The Annexin V-FITC and PI staining confirmed the mode of apoptosis by flow cytometric analysis. Thus, the SAL@HA-NPs acquired in this study could have a crucial impact on the biomedical domain of cancer treatment. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Green Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Using Semecarpus anacardium Linn leaf Extract: Examination of Anticancer Activity and its Apoptosis Induction
Nanotechnology and biomedical sciences enable diverse molecular and cellular applications. Plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles, a green chemistry approach, offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. This study focuses on developing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA-NPs) using Semecarpus anacardium Linn (SAL) leaf extract (termed SAL@HA-NPs) as a capping agent and reducing agent. The presence of needle-shaped nanostructures was verified using SEM and TEM investigation. The presence of well-defined rings in the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns provided evidence for the polycrystalline nature of the SAL@HA-NPs). The XRD spectrum exhibited clear peaks that closely corresponded to the hexagonal patterns of HA, indicating a mean crystalline diameter of 54.25nm. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of biomolecules from Semecarpus anacardium Linn leaves on the surface of the nanoparticles. The suspension of SAL@HA-NPs displayed a polydispersity index of 0.445 and demonstrated excellent stability, as indicated by the zeta potential of -32.2 mV, as observed in the DLS tests. The SAL@HA-NPs exhibited a harmful effect on the HeLa cervical and HepG2 liver cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 52g/mL. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the deformation of the damaged cell membrane, fragmentation, and cell death following treatment with SAL@HA-NPs. The Annexin V-FITC and PI staining confirmed the mode of apoptosis by flow cytometric analysis. Thus, the SAL@HA-NPs acquired in this study could have a crucial impact on the biomedical domain of cancer treatment. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles and its antibacterial properties
Magnesium oxide nanostructured particles (NP) were prepared using a simple solution combustion technique using different leaf extracts such as Mangifera indica (Mango - Ma), Azadirachta indica (NeemNe), and Carica papaya (PapayaPa) as surfactants. The highly crystalline phase of MgO nanostructures was confirmed by PXRD and FTIR studies for 2h 500C calcined samples. To analyze the characteristics of obtained materialMaNP, NeNP, and PaNP for dosimetry applications, thermoluminescence (TL) studies were carried out for Co-60 gamma rays irradiated samples in the dose range 1050KGy; PaNP and NeNP exhibited well-defined glow curve when compared with MaNP samples. In addition, it was observed that the TL intensity decreases, with increase in gamma dose and the glow peak temperature is shifted towards the higher temperature with the increase in heating rate. The glow peak was segregated using glow curve deconvolution and thermal cleaning method. Kinetic parameters estimated using Chens method, trap depth (E), and frequency factor (s) were found to be 0.699, 7.408, 0.4929, and 38.71, 11.008, and 10.71 for PaNP, NeNP, and MaNP respectively. The well-resolved glow curve, good linear behavior in the dose range of 1050, KGy, and less fading were observed in PaNP as compared with MaNP and NeNP. Further, the antibacterial activity was checked against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A visible zone of clearance was observed at 200 and 100?g/mL by the PaNP and NeNP, indicating the death of colonies by the nanoparticles. Therefore, PaNP nanomaterial is a potential phosphor material for dosimetry and antibacterial application compared to NeNP and MaNP. Copyright 2023 Rotti, Sunitha, Manjunath, Roy, Mayegowda, Gnanaprakash, Alghamdi, Almehmadi, Abdulaziz, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Alsaiari, Ashgar, Babalghith, Abd El-Lateef and Khidir. -
Green synthesis of nanoparticles from biodegradable waste extracts and their applications: a critical review
The contemporary world is concerned only with non-biodegradable waste management which needs more sophisticated procedures as compared to biodegradable waste management. Biodegradable waste has the potential to become useful to society through a simple volarization technique. The researchers are behind sustainable nanotechnology pathways which are made possible by using biodegradable waste for the preparation of nanomaterials. This review emphasizes the potentialities of biodegradable waste produced as a viable alternative to create a sustainable economy that benefits all humans. Volarization results in the utilization of biowastes as well as provides safer and hazard-free green methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Starting from different sources to the application which includes therapeutics, food industry and water treatment. The review hovers over the pros and cons of biowaste-mediated nanoparticles and concludes with possible advances in the application. In the present scenario, the combination of green synthesis and biowaste can bring about a wide variety of applications in nanotechnology once the hurdles of bulk-scale industrial production are resolved. Given these points, the review is focused on the cost-effective synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG. -
Green synthesis of NiTiO? and tartaric acid-coated NiTiO? nanoparticles using Tagetes erecta: Characterization and biological applications
This study investigated the environmentally friendly synthesis, structural characterization, and biomedical potential of nickel titanate (NiTiO?) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared using Tagetes erecta (marigold) flower extract, with particular emphasis on their tartaric acid-coated, functionalized derivative (NiTiO?-T NPs). Structural analyses via FTIR spectroscopy revealed functional groups characteristic of the tartaric acid coating on NiTiO?-T NPs, while XRD confirmed the crystalline hexagonal phase for both NiTiO? and NiTiO?-T NPs. FESEM images demonstrated that both types of NPs exhibited uniform, spherical morphologies. Biomedical evaluations highlighted the enhanced efficacy of NiTiO?-T NPs, which achieved 85.2 % DPPH radical scavenging at 100 ?g/mL, significantly outperforming uncoated NiTiO? NPs (72.4 %). Antimicrobial testing against various pathogens showed that NiTiO?-T NPs generated larger inhibition zones compared to their counterparts, effectively targeting Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa), and fungi (C. albicans). Further analysis revealed notably lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs: 1000 ?g/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs: 1500 ?g/mL) for NiTiO?-T NPs, confirming their potent bactericidal action. These findings position tartaric acid-functionalized NiTiO?-T NPs as promising candidates for dual-functional therapeutic applications. 2025 -
Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles from Polyalthia longifolia leaves and Evaluation of its catalytic and antibacterial Activities
This study focuses on the green production of palladium nanoparticles utilizing a sustainable and non-hazardous extract derived from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia (Pl). The synthesized nanoparticles was named as Pl/Pd (0) and were characterized using TGA, ICP-AES, TEM, FESEM, and XRD analysis. The average size of Pl/Pd (0) nanoparticles was found to be 12 nm and showed excellent activity towards the Suzuki coupling and nitroarene reduction reactions. The catalyst also gave good results for the reusability test for both the reactions. It is noted that the same can be reused in the reaction upto to 5 consecutive cycles. In addition to its catalytic activity, the antibacterial activity of the Pl/Pd(0) was also evaluated against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The nanoparticles had an inhibitory effect on both the test pathogens. 2025 Elsevier B.V. -
Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Nanostructure from Cinnamomum Camphora
A facile green synthesis for carbon nanoparticle production using Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor) is presented. Camphor upon carbonization and chemical oxidation leads to the formation of nano-carbon structures with lateral size 7.33nm to 4.14nm, respectively. The nanomaterial's stacking height is about 2.76nm and 3.10nm, leading to the formation of about 10 layers of carbon. The AFM analysis confirms that the graphene layer formed is wrinkled or folded. Developments of a layered structure with spheroids are observed on the sample's surface, confirming the graphitization of the amorphous carbon. The relative intensity of the defect to the graphite band is found to be 0.98 for the nanostructure indicating a lesser degree of defects. The C1s band of the nanostructure is deconvoluted to components at 284.7, 286.5, 287.3, and 289 eV, which are assigned to non-oxygenated ring carbon (sp2 carbon), C in C-O (bound to O either as epoxy or hydroxyl), C in C=O (of alcohols, phenols or ether), and C in C(O)O (carboxylic acid) respectively. The study reveals the formation of few-layer oxygenated carbon layers from the botanical hydrocarbon. 2020 by the authors. -
Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract and its supercapacitive performance
A rapid, efficient, green and eco-friendly approach for the preparation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian borage) leaves extract (PAE) is explored in this study. The improvement in the reduction process was studied by varying the concentration of graphene oxide (GO), temperature and time duration. The physical and chemical properties of rGO are studied using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope. The result obtained from XRD analysis confirms the removal of an oxygen-containing functional group of GO significantly by PAE. Raman analysis showed a higher ID/IG ratio for rGO (1.297) than GO (1.07), which indicates a higher level of disorder in the rGO with a decrease in the average size of the sp2 domain. From the electrochemical studies, a significant specific capacitance of 92.05Fg1 (5mVs1) is obtained from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves and 73.20Fg1 (0.1Ag1) from the galvanostatic chargedischarge (GCD) curve. 2021, Indian Academy of Sciences. -
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using calendula officinalis and its anti-bacterial studies /
Mapana Journal of Sciences, Vol.17, Issue 2, pp.11-17, ISSN No: 0975-3303. -
Green synthesis of zirconium phosphate by combustion method: photocatalytic application and microwave-assisted catalytic conversion of aldehyde to nitriles
Water pollution has increased swiftly, especially the dyes from industries that have disturbed aquatic eco-system. Photocatalytic degradation (PCD) is one of the attractive methods to eliminate dyes from industrial effluents. Zirconium phosphate (ZP) nanoparticles were synthesized by combustion method using zirconyl nitrate and phosphorous pentoxide as precursors. The obtained ZP was characterized by powder X-ray diffractogram, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, BrunauerEmmettTeller surface area. PCD was carried out using methylene blue as a model pollutant in aqueous medium in the presence of UV light irradiation with different concentrations of dye, catalyst and pH. Higher degradation efficiency was observed in basic medium. ZP is employed as a catalyst to form nitrides from aldehydes using different solvents with different aldehydes. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. 2021, Indian Academy of Sciences. -
Green synthesis, characterization of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extracts of Solanum melongena and in vitro evaluation of antibacterial, pesticidal and anticancer activity in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines
The present study validated the green synthesis and characterization of AgNPs using the leaf extracts of Solanum melongena (SM-AgNPs). The efficiency of the phytocompounds in the leaf extract in reducing Ag+ to Ag0 ions was studied. The synthesized SM-AgNPs were characterized by spectroscopic methods and standard methods were adopted for the antioxidant activity, HPTLC, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial assays and pesticidal activity as well. The synthesised nanoparticle was measured to be 20.54 nm which was confirmed by the characterization. The total phenolic content was 5.98 0. GAE/g which indicated potent antioxidant activity. HPTLC profile showed thirteen peaks corresponding to the phenolic compounds with Rf values ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. The average particle size and zeta potential was 75.14 nm-19.8 mV respectively. Cytotoxicity assay of the synthesized AgNP's showed viability percentage of 50.23 at 100 mg/mL. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cell lines with the SM-AgNPs induced early apoptosis in a greater number of cells. The synthesizedAgNPs were effective against the bacterial isolates Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. High mortality of Bemisiatabaci was observed in the100 g/mL of the SM-AgNPs treated concentrations. The study demonstrated the efficiency of SM-AgNPs against cancer cell lines, microbial isolates and insect pests. 2023 The Author(s) -
Green synthesis, characterization, and biological applications of silver nanoparticles from Pachira glabra leaf extract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) offers an environmentally sustainable approach to nanoparticles (NPs) production, utilizing plant extracts as reductant and stabilizer. This method helps minimizes the involvement of toxic chemicals, making it an economical and eco-friendly substitute to traditional synthetic techniques. The objective of this study is to synthesize and analyse AgNPs formed from Pachira glabra Pasq. leaf extract and to evaluate their biological applications. This study presents the first report on the green synthesis of AgNPs using P. glabra leaf extract, demonstrating its antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potential. In this study, 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used for synthesizing AgNPs. The shift in colour of the solution from pale green to brown indicates NP synthesis which was further confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis, exhibiting a peak at 424 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was done to recognize the functional groups present in both P. glabra leaf extract and AgNPs synthesized. FTIR analysis revealed key functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amine groups. Peaks were observed in the range of 504 ?3351 cm?1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and zeta potential of biosynthesized AgNPs showed the size distribution and stability in suspension. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited both cubic and spherical morphologies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence and distribution of silver (Ag) and other elemental contents. The crystallinity of biosynthesized AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. These results helped to characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) bacterial strains, with the AgNPs showing maximum effectiveness against E. coli, exhibiting an inhibition zone of 6.5 1.5 mm. The DPPH assay was used to evaluate antioxidant activity, and the biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated a scavenging activity of 82.99 %, showing strong antioxidant potential compared to the standard. The cytotoxicity of both AgNPs and P. glabra leaf extract was tested against HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cell line (ATCC-CCL-247). 2025 The Authors -
Green synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic potential of 2-(Thiophen-2-ylmethylene)malononitrile: Insights into molecular interactions with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
A novel bioactive molecule, 2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)malononitrile, was synthesized via a green chemistry approach using thiophene-2-carbaldehyde and malononitrile under sonication in ethanol. The compound was characterized by UV-visible, H NMR, C NMR, HR-MS spectroscopy, and single-crystal XRD techniques, confirming its structural integrity. Computational studies revealed its chemical reactivity, including molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Mulliken charges, and frontier molecular orbitals (FMO). At the same time, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) highlighted key electronic transitions across diverse solvents. Advanced analyses, such as Hirshfeld surface mapping and electron localization functions, identified critical intermolecular interactions involving H?N, N?H, and C?H contacts. Molecular docking with Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2, PDB ID: 6 2j) revealed strong binding affinity, further supported by molecular dynamics simulations demonstrating complex stability through RMSD, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bond evaluations. The compound's anti-inflammatory potential was validated in vivo using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats, showing comparable efficacy to standard drugs. This study highlights the sustainable synthesis and therapeutic promise of 2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)malononitrile for pharmaceutical applications. 2025 Elsevier B.V.