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Mechanics of SH and anti-plane SH waves in orthotropic piezoelectric quasicrystal with multiple surface effect
Significant restrictions have been found in the selection of piezoelectric materials and the direction of wave propagation in earlier studies on surface acoustic wave sensors. The primary goal of the current work is to investigate how wave propagation direction influences the performance of SAW macro- and nano-sensors in an effort to remove such barriers in the technological revolution of SAW sensors. A proposed model is established to study Shear Horizontal (SH) and anti-plane SH wave propagation in piezoelectric materials with surface effects. The theoretical forms are constructed and used to present the wavenumber of surface waves in any direction of the piezoelectric medium, based on the Extended Stroh formalism. In addition, we take into account surface elasticity theory in order to obtain the phase velocity equation based on the wavenumber expression. The model incorporates surface elasticity, piezoelectricity, and permittivity to account for nanoscale surface phenomena. Two configurations are examined: an orthotropic piezoelectric material layer over an elastic framework and a piezoelectric material half-space with a nano substrate. Analytical expressions for frequency equations are derived for both symmetric and anti-symmetric waves. Numerical results highlight the critical thickness of the piezoelectric layer, where surface energy significantly influences dispersion properties. The effects of surface elasticity and density on wave velocity are analyzed, revealing a spring force-like influence on boundaries. The research investigates SH wave transmission in anisotropic, transversely isotropic piezoelectric nanostructures. The findings could aid in designing SAW devices and piezoelectric sensors, as well as producing more effective surface acoustic wave sensors, based on recent theoretical work summaries. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
KMSBOT: enhancing educational institutions with an AI-powered semantic search engine and graph database
In the rapidly evolving field of education, a semantic search engine is essential to efficiently retrieve knowledge experts data. Universities and colleges continuously generate a vast amount of educational and research data. A semantic search engine can assist students and staff in efficiently searching for required information in such a big data pool. The existing systems have limitations in providing personalized recommendations that align with the individual learning objectives of students and scholars, thus hindering their educational experience. To address this, this paper proposed a KMSBOT. This novel recommendation system effectively summarizes academic data and provides tailored information for students, research scholars, and faculty, enhancing educational experiences. This paper meticulously details the development of KMSBOT, which comprises a neo4j-based knowledge graph technique, the NLP method for data structuring, and the KNN machine learning model for classification. The system employs a three-module approach, utilizing data structuring, NLP processing, and semantic search engine integration. By leveraging Neo4j, NLTK, and BERT in Python, this proposed work ensures optimal performance metrics such as time, accuracy, and loss value. The proposed solution addresses traditional recommendation systems limitations and contributes to a brighter future, improving user satisfaction and engagement in academic environments. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Clitoria ternatea flower extract assisted synthesis of Pluronic F127 and l-histidine coated SrO2 as a multimodality nanocomposite for anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and antimicrobial activities
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) is a highly aggressive liver cancer with poor prognosis, limited treatment options, and high mortality rates, making it a serious global health concern that demands urgent development of more effective and safer therapeutic approaches. In this context, the present study focuses on the green synthesis of SrO2 nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea flower extract, followed by surface modification with Pluronic F127 (PF127) and L-histidine (LH), to fabricate SrO2-PF127-LH nanocomposites aimed at evaluating their potential anticancer efficacy against the HepG2 cell line. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the nanocomposite, and then their anticancer activity against HePG2 liver cancer cells, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity against the bacteria mentioned above were evaluated. XRD revealed the crystalline nature of SrO2 with atetragonal phase. FTIR spectrum confirmed the SrO stretching band at 573cm?1 for SrO2-PF127-LH nanocomposite. UVvisible analysis revealed the band gap energies of 4.13eV for SrO2 and 4.07eV forSrO2PF127LH nanocomposite. The surface defects including oxygen vacancies of SrO2-PF127-LH nanocomposite were investigated using PL analysis. The SrO2PF127LH nanocomposite exhibited excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activities when compared to SrO2 nanoparticles alone. In addition, the SrO2PF127LH nanocomposite had enhanced anticancer activity against liver cancer (HePG2) cell lines. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Efficient one-pot green synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose/folic acid embedded ultrafine CeO2 nanocomposite and its superior multi-drug resistant antibacterial activity and anticancer activity
Due to the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria and the ongoing shortage of novel antibiotics as well as the challenge of treating breast cancer, the therapeutic and clinical sectors are consistently seeking effective nanomedicines. The incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles with biological macromolecules and an organic compound emerges as a promising strategy to enhance breast cancer treatment and antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria in various biomedical applications. This study aims to synthesize a unique nanocomposite consisting of CeO2 embedded with folic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose (CFC NC) via a green precipitation method using Moringa oleifera. Various spectroscopic and microscopic analyses are utilized to decipher the physicochemical characteristics of CFC NC and active phytocompounds of Moringa oleifera. Antibacterial study against MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) demonstrated a higher activity (95.6%) for CFC NC compared to its counterparts. The impact is attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces a strong photo-oxidative stress, leading to the destruction of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CFC NC are determined as 600g/mL and 1000g/mL, respectively. The anticancer activity against breast cancer cell resulted in the IC50 concentration of 10.8?g/mL and 8.2?g/mL for CeO2 and CFC NC respectively.The biocompatibility test was conducted against fibroblast cells and found 85% of the cells viable, with less toxicity. Therefore, the newly synthesized CFC NC has potential applications in healthcare and industry, enhancing human health conditions. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. -
Neural correlates of auditory comprehension and integration of sanskrit verse: a functional MRI study
In this investigation, we delve into the neural underpinnings of auditory processing of Sanskrit verse comprehension, an area not previously explored by neuroscientific research. Our study examines a diverse group of 44 bilingual individuals, including both proficient and non-proficient Sanskrit speakers, to uncover the intricate neural patterns involved in processing verses of this ancient language. Employing an integrated neuroimaging approach that combines functional connectivity-multivariate pattern analysis (fc-MVPA), voxel-based univariate analysis, seed-based connectivity analysis, and the use of sparse fMRI techniques to minimize the interference of scanner noise, we highlight the brain's adaptability and ability to integrate multiple types of information. Our findings from fc-MVPA reveal distinct connectivity patterns in proficient Sanskrit speakers, particularly involving the bilateral inferior temporal, left middle temporal, bilateral orbitofrontal, and bilateral occipital pole. Voxel-based univariate analysis showed significant activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, bilateral caudate nuclei, bilateral middle occipital gyri, left lingual gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, and bilateral inferior frontal gyri. Seed-based connectivity analysis further emphasizes the interconnected nature of the neural networks involved in language processing, demonstrating how these regions collaborate to support complex linguistic tasks. This research reveals how the brain processes the complex syntactic and semantic elements of Sanskrit verse. Findings indicate that proficient speakers effectively navigate intricate syntactic structures and semantic associations, engaging multiple brain regions in coordination. By examining the cognitive mechanisms underlying Sanskrit verse comprehension, which shares rhythmic and structural features with music and poetry, this study highlights the neural connections between language, culture, and cognition. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Analytical investigation of heat transfer in multilayer human eye based on dual-phase-lag thermoelastic theory
Thermal damage to ocular tissues is a critical medical concern because even small temperature elevations can impair corneal endothelial function, accelerate cataract formation, and disrupt retinal metabolism. This issue is particularly relevant in regions with intense thermal environments, such as Saudi Arabia, where preventive health care and advanced biomedicalfacilities are required. This study develops a predictive framework for estimating temperature distributions within the human eye under external heat exposure. A dual-phase-lag (DPL) bioheat transfer model incorporating two thermal relaxation times is formulated to capture finite speed thermal wave propagation in the multilayer structure of the eye, and closed-form analytical solutions are obtained using a normal mode approach. A mechanics-informed machine learning surrogate model is then constructed using data generated from the analytical DPL solutions, enabling rapid prediction of intraocular temperature across the parameter space. Parametric investigations examine the effects of ambient temperature, evaporation rate, tissue porosity, and blood perfusion on the thermal response of the six ocular layers. Comparisons with the LordShulman and classical Fourier models reveal important differences in predicted temperature behavior under non-Fourier heat transfer. Additional analysesincluding thermal safety mapping, sensitivity assessment, and response surface visualizationprovide further insight into the combined influence of environmental and physiological parameters. The results show that non-Fourier thermal effects significantly influence peak intraocular temperature, while ambient temperature and evaporation dominate anterior eye heating and perfusion primarily affects deeper tissues. The present model assumes axisymmetric geometry and temperature-independent material properties, which may be extended in future studies using three-dimensional or patient-specific models. Overall, the proposed hybrid analyticalmachine learning framework provides an efficient tool for ocular thermal risk assessment and supports the development of preventive strategies for populations exposed to extreme thermal environments. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Analysis using a modified Johnsoncook model for AISI 304 stainless steel and ofprior dynamic tensile behavior deformed AISI type 304 stainless steel
304 stainless austenitic steel (AISI 304) is renowned for its high temperature resistance and has been the subject of considerable research. To explore its rheological behavior at high temperature, isothermal hot compression experiments were conducted on the Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator at temperatures of 8001200 C, strain rates of 0.01111 s-1, and a total strain of 60%. From the experimental data, a JohnsonCook (JC) constitutive model was formulated and further optimized. The optimized model considers the combined effect of strain, strain rate, and temperature, resulting in a more precise constitutive equation. The enhanced JC model had excellent predictive power, with a correlation coefficient (Rco) of 0.9884 and an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 8.42%. ABAQUS simulations for verification confirmed the model to be valid. This study offers valuable theoretical information for the hot working of SS 304, enabling more precise predictions of stress behavior at high temperature and easier optimization of processing parameters and overall material behavior. Also, deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steel at temperatures below the Md point leads to the transformation of austenite into martensite. This study investigates how prior deformation, conducted at temperatures both below and above Md, affects the dynamic tensile behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel. Pre-deformation at 25C (below Md), as well as at elevated temperatures of 200C and 300C (above Md), enhances both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the material. Notably, prior deformation at 25C to a small equivalent strain (< 0.03) results in significant improvements in strength (22%) and ductility (2137%) during subsequent high strain-rate tensile loading at 200 and 300s?1. The evolution of local strain fields and strain rates is analyzed using digital image correlation. Additionally, the development of localized necking is investigated through in-situ high-speed camera imaging. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Towards Optimal ?-Binding Functions of (2K1?K2)-Free Graphs and (P3?K1)-Free Graphs
A function f:N?R is called a ?-binding function for a hereditary family G of graphs, if ?(G)?f(?(G)) for every G?G where ?(G) and ?(G) denote the chromatic number and clique number respectively. In his influential work, Gya?fa? (1987) showed that the family of (2K1?K2)-free graphs and the family of (P3?K1)-free graphs are ?-bounded. Randerath and Schiermeyer (2004) improved the ?-binding functions of both these classes to x+12. In this paper, we further improve the ?-binding function of both these classes to x22 for x?3. Furthermore, we obtain a tight chromatic bound for (P3?K1)-free graphs with clique number 4. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Japan KK 2025. -
Broad spectrum antibacterial activity of nanostructured Cu oxide thin films grown via glancing angle sputtering deposition
The demand for antibacterial surfaces has intensified since the recent pandemic, underscoring the need to prevent microbial adhesion on high-contact surfaces. Metallic and metal oxide nanostructures exhibit intrinsic antibacterial properties, motivating the development of scalable, cost-effective fabrication routes for functional coatings. In this study, copper oxide (CuO) thin films were deposited by magnetron sputtering and further nanostructured via glancing angle deposition (GLAD). The films exhibited pronounced antibacterial efficacy, inactivating Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) with efficiencies over 98% after 8h of exposure. Increasing the deposition angle enhanced surface roughness and hydrophobicity, which directly correlated with higher bacterial inactivation. Longer exposure further improved antibacterial performance, demonstrating time-dependent activity. These results establish GLAD-fabricated CuO thin films as a promising, industrially scalable strategy for next-generation antimicrobial surface coatings. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Coupling study of surface energy transmission in piezomagnetic tetrahedral laminate: a continuum mechanics analysis across a manifold substrate loaded by viscous gel
This paper examines Love-type energy transmission in a multilayered piezomagnetic tetrahedral structure (PMTS) and heterogeneous semi-space bar (HSS) structure with a viscoelastic gel (VL) on top. Energy transmission behaviour is examined in two physically important cases i.e. magnetically open (MO) and magnetically short (MS) circuit boundary. The main study focuses on the dispersion behaviour of phase velocity of a Love-type energy influenced by the combination of VL, PMTS and HSS. The dispersion relation for Love-type waves was determined analytically, and phase velocity graphs were plotted and analysed using numerical simulations using Mathematica software. A comprehensive study was conducted to acquire the effects of significant variables on phase velocity, including material heterogeneity, piezomagnetic coupling, and viscoelastic layer thickness. The research findings indicate the attenuation properties of the VL, PMTS and HSS materials in MO and MS conditions. Graphical comparisons highlight the piezomagnetic coupling caused the phase velocity curves to change consistently, demonstrating its significance in wave propagation. There was almost no difference in phase velocity between the magnetically open and short circuit scenarios, indicating that boundary constraints dont much affect how waves propagate. Phase velocity affects the PM coupling parameter. Higher material density leads to reduced phase velocity, emphasizing the role of density in influencing wave propagation. The model is confined to linear wave transmission and does not consider nonlinear influence. Moreover, the analysis is based on idealized material properties following heterogeneity. The design and advancement of energy harvesters, sensors, and wave manipulation instruments that employ PMTS with viscoelastic gel coatings can be aided by the studys conclusions. Effective usage of surface waves in these structures requires an understanding of their behaviour. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of surface wave propagation in a VL-PMTS-HSS composite structure. The comparative study of different rheological materials and the incorporation of magnetic effects contribute to the originality of the research. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Banana bract derived cellulose coatings for enhancing shelf life of cherry tomatoes: Insights in to a sustainable post harvest technology
The increasing substantial generation of food waste poses a critical challenge for global waste management. A potential solution involves extracting commercially valuable products, such as biopolymers, from food waste. Cellulose biopolymer emerges as a promising candidate in this context. The current research investigates the potential of employing banana bracts (Musa acuminata) as a low-cost substrate for the extraction of cellulose biopolymer. Cellulose extraction from various residues of banana processing waste has been previously researched. However, there is a limited amount of the literature on cellulose extraction from the bracts that are left over after processing. The initial extraction phase involves an ethanol-toluene treatment to remove the laxatives, followed by an alkali treatment using KOH and bleaching using a mixture of acetic acid and sodium chlorite solution to derive white cellulose fibres. The extraction of cellulose from banana bracts yielded 36.98 0.0094% (w/w%). Examination of functional groups utilizing Fourier transform infrared provided characteristic peaks of cellulosic material. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to comprehend further the molecular architecture, thermal stability, and purity of the extracted cellulose. The cellulose mixture of varying concentrations (0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% [w/v%]) was coated on cherry tomatoes to investigate their shelf-life extension property. The cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) coated with 0.75% (w/w%) cellulose solution retained firm structure and fresh appearance after 8days, in contrast with the decayed control group. The current investigation focuses on novel insights into the potential of banana bracts as a valuable resource in the pursuit of sustainable and cost-effective cellulose extraction, for both waste management and enhancing the preservation of perishable food items. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Pluronic F127-functionalized cerium fluoride nanocomposite: synthesis, characterization, and its enhanced antibacterial activities
The persistence of pathogenic bacteria, rising antibiotic resistance, and the ongoing need for effective anticancer agents necessitate the development of advanced multifunctional therapeutic strategies. In this study, CeF? nanoparticles and PF127-functionalized CeF? (CeF?PF127) nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile wet chemical route and systematically characterized for their structural, optical, and biological properties. XRD confirmed the formation of phase-pure hexagonal CeF? with crystallite sizes of 31nm (CeF?) and 27nm (CeF?PF127), while SAED revealed lattice fringes of approximately 0.27nm (CeF?) and 0.29nm (CeF?PF127). EDAX and XPS validated the Ce/F stoichiometry and the successful surface functionalization with PF127. Optical analyses showed a slight reduction in band gap from 3.15 to 3.09eV upon polymer coating, and PL spectra indicated enhanced defect-related emission in CeF?PF127, suggesting stabilization of Ce3? ions and oxygen vacancy sites. Biological evaluations demonstrated that CeF?PF127 exhibited superior antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and enhanced anticancer efficacy against MG-63 osteosarcoma cells, with lower IC?? values over 2472h. Antibacterial studies against S. aureus, B. subtilis, K. pneumoniae, and S. dysenteriae revealed larger inhibition zones (1820.5mm) and improved MIC/MBC values (600/1000gmL?1) compared to bare CeF?. Biocompatibility assessment using L929 fibroblasts confirmed cell viability exceeding 80% for both samples. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CeF?PF127 is a stable, multifunctional nanocomposite with promising potential for biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Synthesis and characterization of NiTiO?L-ornithine nanoparticles and their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant activities, and zebrafish biocompatibility
The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated infections demands multifunctional nanomaterials with improved efficacy and safety. In this study, defect-engineered nickel titanate (NiTiO?) nanoparticles functionalized with L-Ornithine (NiTiO?LO) were synthesized via a co-precipitation approach to enhance antimicrobial performance while maintaining biocompatibility. XRD analysis confirmed phase-pure rhombohedral NiTiO? with reduced crystallite size upon functionalization (31.3 2nm to 26.2 2nm). XPS and FTIR analyses verified successful LO surface coordination and modulation of oxygen vacancyrelated defect states. PL studies revealed defect-mediated green emissions (507529nm), indicating stabilized oxygen vacancies after functionalization. NiTiO?LO exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity, with inhibition zones of 17.9 0.4mm and 18.9 0.4mm, respectively. The nanoparticles also demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, achieving ~ 63% DPPH scavenging at 100g/mL, comparable to Vitamin C (~ 65%). Importantly, zebrafish embryo assays showed no observable developmental toxicity, indicating favourable in vivo biocompatibility. These findings establish NiTiO?-LO as a defect-modulated, multifunctional nanoplatform integrating antimicrobial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties for potential biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Chitosan coated multifunctional NiFe?O? nanocomposites as a promising candidate for biomedical applications
Nanoparticles for biomedical applications often suffer from limited stability, low biocompatibility, and suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. To address these challenges, NiFe?O? nanoparticles were functionalized with chitosan (NiFe?O?-CS) via a co-precipitation method, aiming to enhance their structural, optical, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. XRD analysis revealed a reduction in crystallite size from 37 to 33nm after chitosan modification, indicating controlled crystal growth and increased surface area. TEM results confirmed a corresponding decrease in particle size from 35 2.1nm to 29 1.8nm, improving surface reactivity and stability. PL spectra exhibited a red-shift in green emission peaks, suggesting increased oxygen vacancies and defect states that facilitate ROS generation. Antimicrobial assays against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) demonstrated significantly higher activity for NiFe?O?-CS nanocomposites, supported by SEM imaging that showed extensive microbial membrane disruption. Furthermore, NiFe?O?-CS exhibited enhanced anticancer activity against C6 glioma cells, with an IC?? of 35.6g/mL compared to 43.6g/mL for unmodified nanoparticles. Zebrafish embryo studies confirmed the biocompatibility of NiFe?O?-CS at appropriate doses, although dose-dependent embryotoxicity was observed. These findings highlight that chitosan functionalization of dual-metal nanoparticles improves therapeutic efficacy through increased surface interactions and ROS generation while underscoring the need for careful dose optimization. This study presents a novel strategy for designing biopolymer-coated nanocomposites that balance enhanced biomedical performance with safety considerations. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2026. -
Development of pluronic F127 and folic acid coated TiO2nanoparticles for antimicrobial and anticancer applications
Functionalizing metal oxide nanoparticles with polymers and folic acid enhances eco-friendly synthesis, therapeutic efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. This study reports the green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO?) and folic acidPluronic F127modified TiO?(TiPFFA) nanoparticles usingPsidium guajavaleaf extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that both nanoparticles crystallized in the rutile phase. Morphological characterization by FESEM and TEM showed that the nanoparticles were spherical with uniform size distribution. FTIR spectroscopy showed TiOTi (789cm?1) and TiO (666cm?1) for TiO?; TiPFFA had extra peaks at 951 and 640cm?1, confirming the lattice. PL spectra exhibited emission peaks at 518nm (TiO?) and 520nm (TiPFFA), indicating oxygen vacancies linked to reactive oxygen species generation. Antimicrobial tests against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus andCandida albicansshowed superior activity of TiPFFAnanoparticles compared to TiO?. Cytotoxicity assays on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and L929 fibroblast cells demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity and better biocompatibility for TiPFFA. These findings highlight TiPFFA nanoparticles as promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy and as antimicrobial agents. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Nickel oxide modified with sodium alginate and dopamine nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against HepG2 cells
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, while multidrug-resistant bacterial infections pose escalating health threats. To address these challenges, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO Nanoparticles) and sodium alginatedopamineNiO-SA-Dop nanoparticles (NiO-SA-Dop Nanoparticles) were synthesized and extensively characterized for multifunctional biomedical applications. X-ray diffraction revealed crystallite sizes of 40.6nm (NiO) and 29.76nm (NiO-SA-Dop). Transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed spherical morphology with reduced particle size upon modification, supporting improved surface properties. UVvisible spectroscopy showed band gap energies of 4.15eV (NiO) and 4.44eV (NiO-SA-Dop). Photoluminescence spectra indicated enhanced green emission in NiO-SA-Dop, suggesting a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies Linked to increased reactive oxygen species Generation. In functional assays, NiO-SA-Dop demonstrated superior free radical scavenging efficiency in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay compared to NiO. Strong antibacterial activity was observed against Gram-negative pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae. Cytotoxicity assays against HepG2 cells yielded IC?? values of 11.9g/mL for NiO and 10.3g/mL for NiO-SA-Dop, underscoring the enhanced anticancer efficacy of the modified nanoparticles. Overall, NiO-SA-Dop Nanoparticles exhibit promising antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, making them strong candidates for advanced therapeutic development. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Design and characterization of SrO2-CMC-Dcar nanocomposite with enhanced antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities
HeLa cervical cancer cells exhibit high aggressiveness and proliferation, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Nanocomposite synthesis offers a promising approach due to its enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, and selective cytotoxicity. Thus, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and D-carvone (Dcar)-coated strontium oxide (SrO2) (SrO2-CMC-Dcar) nanocomposite were synthesized using a wet chemical method. Structural and morphological characterization using XRD, FTIR, PL spectroscopy, DLS, HRTEM, and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanocomposite. XRD analysis revealed that the crystallite sizes of SrO2 and SrO2-CMC-Dcar were 38nm and 29nm, respectively. PL spectra revealed prominent green emission at 516, 524, and 535nm, indicating that oxygen vacancies are associated with ROS generation. DLS analysis revealed that pure SrO2 exhibited a particle size distribution of 128.7nm, while the SrO2-CMC-Dcar nanocomposite showed an increased size of 244.80nm. The nanocomposite demonstrated an enhanced antimicrobial activity against MRSA and Candida albicans when compared to SrO2 alone. Furthermore, MTT assay results revealed that the SrO2CMCDcar composite significantly decreased HeLa cell viability to 11.94%, and the IC50 value was found to be 50.2 and 39.7 for SrO2 and nanocomposite SrO2-CMC-Dcar, respectively, confirming it enhanced anticancer potential. In addition, the SrO2-CMC-Dcar nanocomposite exhibited enhanced antioxidant properties demonstrated by DPPH free radical scavenging assays. These findings suggest that the SrO2-CMC-Dcar nanocomposite holds promise for therapeutic applications in combating cancer, microbial infections, and oxidative stress. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Chitosan and L-histidine coated biofunctional TiO? composite with enhanced ROS-mediated antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy for biomedical applications
Societies continue to face the urgent challenge of developing effective, safe, and stable nanoparticles with promising biomedical applications. Herein, the present study synthesis chitosan and L-Histidine dually coated titanium dioxide (TiCSLH) nanocomposite (NC) by chemical co-precipitation method. The antimicrobial performance of TiO? nanoparticles is closely linked to their physicochemical properties, such as reduced particle size, increased bandgap, and the presence of oxygen vacancies, all of which collectively enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibit microbial growth. Structural analyses using XRD and TEM confirmed that TiCSLH nanoparticles possess an anatase phase and a spherical morphology. Compared to TiO?, TiCSLH nanoparticles demonstrated significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity against MRSA, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans strains, as evidenced by larger zones of inhibition from 2324mm. This enhanced efficacy is attributed to their smaller particle size (~ 26 3nm), wider bandgap (3.34eV), and prominent oxygen vacancy-related emissions at 518 and 531nm, which facilitate increased ROS production, resulting in cellular membrane disruption and microbial death. Furthermore, compared to TiO2, TiCSLH exhibited notable anticancer potential against breast cancer cells, with an IC?? of 10?g/mL, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility, as evidenced by its non-toxic response toward L929 fibroblast cells, which showed 83.5% cell viability. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of TiCSLH nanoparticles for diverse biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Quasi-finite modules over affine and extended affine Lie algebras
In this paper, we consider irreducible quasi-finite (or equivalently weakly integrable) modules, with non-trivial action of the core, over the extended affine Lie algebras (EALAs) whose centerless cores are multiloop algebras. The centerless cores of all but one family of EALAs having nullity greater than 1 are known to admit such multiloop realizations. For any such (untwisted) EALA, we show that the irreducible quasi-finite modules are either integrable with the center of the underlying core acting trivially, or restricted generalized highest weight (GHW) modules. We further prove that in the nullity 2 case, these irreducible restricted GHW modules turn out to be highest weight type modules, thereby classifying the irreducible quasi-finite modules over all such EALAs. In particular, we obtain the classification of irreducible quasi-finite modules over toroidal Lie algebras, minimal EALAs and toroidal EALAs of nullity 2. Along the way, we also completely classify the irreducible weakly integrable modules over affine Kac-Moody algebras (RaoFutorny in Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 361(10): 54355455, 2009). Our results generalize the well-known work of Chari (Invent. Math. 85(2):317335, 1986) and ChariPressley (Math. Ann. 275(1):87104, 1986) concerning the classification of irreducible integrable modules over (nullity 1) affine KacMoody algebras. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025. -
Transformative impact of electrical engineering on society, education, academia, and industry: a brief review
The transforming power of electrical engineering (EE) on societal evolution, educational paradigms, university systems, and industrial revolutions is comprehensively reviewed in this study. This study emphasizes the critical contribution of EE in promoting technological development, improving learning approaches, and allowing sustainable industrial practices by methodically analyzing the co-evolution of these domains from Society 1.0 to 5.0, Education 1.0 to 4.0, University 1.0 to 4.0, and Industry 1.0 to 4.0. Unlike conventional stories that credit EE alone for development, this assessment critically examines the multidisciplinary character of progress and acknowledges the contributions of computer science, computer engineering, and artificial intelligence (AI) in forming the digital world. Focusing on fundamental technologies, including power systems, semiconductor devices, renewable energy integration, and automation, which have been the backbone of recent AI-driven advancements, this study offers a crucial contribution. This study clarifies EEs special contribution of EE in the global technological revolution by separating its basic contributions from those resulting from its junction with computing disciplines. Furthermore underlined in this paper are EEs contributions to smart infrastructure development, sustainable energy solutions, and society resilience. Presenting an evidence-based evaluation, this paper provides an insightful analysis for academics, teachers, and legislators, thus supporting EEs basic enabler of multidisciplinary technical and societal advancement. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.