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Anticancer potential of Ipomoea alba: Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells
Cancer is one of the major global health concerns, which supports the investigation of novel therapeutic agents with enhanced potency and minimal side effects. Ipomoea alba, belonging to the Convolvulaceae family, was selected for this study due to its known anti-inflammatory properties and the presence of secondary medical applicability. In this study, the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and cell cycle arrest effects of the methanol extract of Ipomoea alba were evaluated against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay across varying concentrations, revealing an IC50 value of 167.02 g/mL after 24 hours of treatment. Apoptosis and necrosis were examined through Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining via flow cytometry, with treated cells showing 58.1% apoptosis (p < 0.001) and 16.71% necrosis (p < 0.01) compared to the control. Cell cycle distribution, evaluated using PI/ribonuclease (RNase) staining, revealed a significant increase in the G2 /M phase (56.31%, p < 0.001) and a mild increase in the Sub G0 /G1 phase (1.12%, p < 0.05), indicating arrest at critical regulatory checkpoints. These findings demonstrate that I. alba methanol extract possesses potent anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and interfering with cell cycle progression in breast cancer cells. The results suggest its potential as a candidate for anticancer drug development and alternative therapeutic strategies. 2025, Indian journals. All rights reserved. -
Anticancer activity and other biomedical properties of ?-sitosterol: Bridging phytochemistry and current pharmacological evidence for future translational approaches
Sterols, including ?-sitosterol, are essential components of cellular membranes in both plant and animal cells. Despite being a major phytosterol in various plant materials, comprehensive scientific knowledge regarding the properties of ?-sitosterol and its potential applications is essential for scholarly pursuits and utilization purposes. ?-sitosterol shares similar chemical characteristics with cholesterol and exhibits several pharmacological activities without major toxicity. This study aims to bridge the gap between phytochemistry and current pharmacological evidence of ?-sitosterol, focusing on its anticancer activity and other biomedical properties. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of ?-sitosterol's potential for future translational approaches. A thorough examination of the literature was conducted to gather relevant information on the biological properties of ?-sitosterol, particularly its anticancer therapeutic potential. Various databases were searched, including PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science using appropriate keywords. Studies investigating the effects of ?-sitosterol on different types of cancer were analyzed, focusing on mechanisms of action, pharmacological screening, and chemosensitizing properties. Modern pharmacological screening studies have revealed the potential anticancer therapeutic properties of ?-sitosterol against various types of cancer, including leukemia, lung, stomach, breast, colon, ovarian, and prostate cancer. ?-sitosterol has demonstrated chemosensitizing effects on cancer cells, interfering with multiple cell signaling pathways involved in proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, survival, metastasis invasion, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Structural derivatives of ?-sitosterol have also shown anti-cancer effects. However, research in the field of drug delivery and the detailed mode of action of ?-sitosterol-mediated anticancer activities remains limited. ?-sitosterol, as a non-toxic compound with significant pharmacological potential, exhibits promising anticancer effects against various cancer types. Despite being relatively less potent than conventional cancer chemotherapeutics, ?-sitosterol holds potential as a safe and effective nutraceutical against cancer. Further comprehensive studies are recommended to explore the biological properties of ?-sitosterol, including its mode of action, and develop novel formulations for its potential use in cancer treatment. This review provides a foundation for future investigations and highlights the need for further research on ?-sitosterol as a potent superfood in combating cancer. 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. -
Antibiofilm and anti-quorum properties of ethanolic leaf extracts of Syzygium jambos and Psidium guajava and their gel formulation for wound healing applications
Most bacterial species today have evolved with time and gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, primarily due to formation of biofilms and ?-lactamases. Many phytochemicals have been explored for their ability to inhibit bacterial biofilms. The present study sheds light on antibiofilm properties of two such plants viz. Psidium guajava and Syzygium jambos, of the Myrtaceae family. They were found to be effective against four different biofilm forming pathogens - Chromobacterium violaceum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Synergistic use of the plant extracts showed slightly better antibacterial activity than a single extract. Quorum sensing being one of the key factors required for biofilm formation, the isolate Chromobacterium violaceum was used as the indicator organism to study the anti-quorum properties of the plant extracts. At 10 mg/mL, ethanolic extract of S. jambos inhibited violacein pigment the most (78.84%) and therefore can be considered as a quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI). Since silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become increasingly significant in the field of drug delivery, they may be utilized to coat implants to avoid subsequent infections in patients who have had implant surgery and to reduce biofilm development in pathogens. In the present study, five gels were formulated using plant extracts and AgNPs, of which two showed promising results in wound healing assay. The non-toxic nature of the synthesized gels has been verified by studies on L-929 mouse fibroblast cell lines, which opens the door for their prospective application as topical treatments to accelerate the healing process in both acute and chronic wounds. Given that S. aureus and P. aeruginosa are the most commonly isolated bacteria from diabetic foot ulcers, the resulting gels can considerably curb the spread of infection and gangrene and thus prevent amputation. Copyright: The Author(s) -
Antibacterial performance of GOAg nanocomposite prepared via ecologically safe protocols
Control and extinction of the rising problem of antimicrobial resistance makes a multidisciplinary approach for the advancement of novel disinfectant agents imperative. Although graphene-based nanomaterials display high bacterial toxicity, their cytotoxicity to mammalian cells is found to be very low. Herein, a simple green approach for the synthesis of graphene oxidesilver composite using Syzgium cumini (Indian black plum) fruit extract was reported. Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities of the composite were subsequently studied comparing with silver nanoparticles and pure graphene oxide. We demonstrate the influence of precursor materials in dictating the antibacterial properties of nanosystems. The antibacterial study conducted on selected gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria reveals that composite is more effective against gram-negative bacteria. The microbicidal activity of composite against bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli, was higher than the control drug cephalexin (CE control). Test compounds against L929 cell lines by MTT assay reveal the low cytotoxicity of samples. From the statistical analysis, it is inferred that the cell viability is dependent on the concentration. Fruit extract-based graphenesilver composite could be an excellent environment-friendly replacement for harsh disinfectants. 2020, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology. -
Antibacterial performance of chitosan-modified magnesium fluoride nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections threatens human health by reducing the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. This growing challenge highlights the urgent need for advanced nano-based antibacterial materials capable of overcoming resistance and providing broad-spectrum protection. In this study, magnesium fluoride (MgF2) NPs and Chitosan modified MgF2 (MgF2-Cs) were synthesized via a facile wet-chemical route and characterized to evaluate their structural, surface, and antibacterial properties. XRD confirmed the formation of tetragonal MgF2 with crystallite sizes of 29nm for MgF2 and 22nm for MgF?Cs, the reduction attributed to Cs-induced surface modification. FTIR, PL, and XPS analyses verified successful Cs incorporation through the presence of OH, NH?, CN, and OC=O functional groups and the preservation of the MgF2 lattice. DLS further supported increased hydrodynamic size upon polymer coating. PL analysis showed enhanced blue-green emission around 497nm in MgF2Cs, suggesting increased defect density and corresponding ROS-generation ability. Antibacterial activity against Gram-positive: S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and Gram-negative: K. pneumoniae, S. dysenteriae bacteria demonstrated significantly improved inhibition for MgF2Cs, with zone diameters of 1521mm, surpassing MgF2 (1216mm) and Cs (1115mm. The MIC and MBC values for MgF?-Cs against K. pneumoniae were determined to be 0.6mgmL?1 and 0.9mgmL?1, respectively. The enhanced antibacterial performance is attributed to synergistic effects of defect-mediated ROS production and Csbacteria electrostatic interactions. 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. -
Antibacterial efficiency of carbon dots against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria: A review
The nontoxic characteristics and inherent antibacterial potency of Carbon dots (CDs) have earned immense attention in the last few years. As the increasing antibiotic resistance of bacterial strains create critical health risks, replacement of conventional antibiotics with alternative antibacterial agents is highly encouraged. The light-driven antibacterial action CDs is a safe process with minimal side effects. Direct interaction of CDs with bacterial cells also contribute to the overall antibacterial activity. Unique and complex mechanisms of antibacterial activity of CDs involve ROS generation, degeneration of cell structure, and leakage of the cytoplasm because of DNA binding and modulation of gene expression. This review provides a systematic overview of the antibacterial potency of CDs to eradicate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Various mechanisms of antibacterial activity and factors that contribute to antibacterial action of CDs also discussed. It also highlights the synergistic effects on the antibacterial performance of modified CDs and significant future research concerns. 2021 Elsevier Ltd -
Antibacterial Efficacy of Oreochromis niloticus Mucus and its Characterization
Investigating new antimicrobial agents from various biological sources is necessary due to the rise of bacteria that are resistant to drugs. A neglected source of bioactive substances with possible antibacterial qualities is fish, especially Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia). This study identifies the bioactive components of extracts made from O. niloticus and examines their antibacterial activity. PBS and sterile water were used to remove fish mucus using a solvent. Using the agar well diffusion method, extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa), and fungus (Candida albicans). The presence of hydroxyl and amide functional groups, which are suggestive of proteins and polyphenolic substances, was further validated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study demonstrates O. niloticuss antibacterial potential, with its mucus being an exceptionally abundant source of bioactive substances. These results highlight the potential of fish-derived antimicrobial compounds as substitutes for traditional antibiotics. The isolation, structural clarification, and possible therapeutic uses of these chemicals should be the main areas of future study. Furthermore, to guarantee the efficacy and safety of these natural compounds, knowledge of their toxicity profiles and mechanisms of action is crucial. In the fight against antibiotic resistance, this study helps to establish sustainable bioresources and expands our knowledge of O. niloticuss antibacterial potential. The Author(s) 2025. -
Antibacterial Effect of Phosphorous-Doped Carbon Nanomaterial Derived from Alstonia Venenata
Antibiotics have been widely used as fundamental medicine for several decades to treat various bacterial infections. However, bacteria develop different mechanisms to defeat the action of antibiotics, which has become a significant issue that endangers infectious therapy. To reduce the consumption of antibiotics and thus combat the increasing antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to implement safe and effective alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Though nanomaterials have become an emerging hope in infectious treatments, they have limited application due to aggregation, toxicity issues, and problems related to their dispersibility. However, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) offer high solubility, biocompatibility, and minimum toxicity with their inherent antibacterial properties. The selection of natural precursors as the carbon source is an eco-friendly and economical route for synthesizing antibacterial carbon nanomaterials. In the present work, fluorescent CNMs have been synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of Alstonia venenata leaf extract. The antibacterial capability of the bare extract (AVE), hydrothermally treated extract (AVH), AVH doped with nitrogen (N-AVH), and AVH doped with phosphorous (P-AVH) are tested against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Except for P-AVH, all other samples showed nontoxicity towards the tested bacterial species. In contrast, P-AVH inhibited bacterial growth with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5 and 2mg/ml on S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. -
Antibacterial composition against psuedomonas aeruginosa and method of preparation thereof /
Patent Number: 201941043986, Applicant: CHRIST (Deemed to be University).
Process for preparing an antibacterial composition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa is disclosed. The process includes carbonising dry leaves of Colocasia esculenta; developing graphene nanomaterials from the carbonized dry leaves of Colocasia esculenta via modified Hummers™ method; and integrating tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles with the graphene nanomaterials so as to enhance antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and obtain graphene-tin oxide nanocomposite as antibacterial composition. -
Antibacterial activity and spectroscopic characteristics of silver nanoparticles synthesized via plant and invitro leaf-derived callus extracts of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC
In this paper, we describe the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts, as well as their structural, optical, and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Bacillus velezensis bacteria. For the study, several sections (root, leaves, and seed) of Mucuna pruriens, an immense medicinal herbal used to treat Parkinson's disease, were evaluated. Also, the seeds were grown in-vitro in the modified Murashige and Skoog's medium and the leaf derived callus supplemented by different phytohormones like picloram (pic), thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP) were selected for this study. This is the first report of distinct callus obtained from M. pruriens and used for green nanoparticle synthesis. The prepared materials were thoroughly evaluated for structural and optical properties using XRD, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. During synthesis, the colour changes from colourless to reddish brown, and the existence of an SPR peak in the absorption spectra confirms the formation of AgNPs. The FTIR spectra reveals the presence of phenolic group and alkyl ether groups, which were responsible for the reduction of silver ions during the green synthesis. The aqueous extracts of plant parts and callus obtained from different hormones showed very poor antibacterial activity. However, the green synthesized nanoparticles fabricated by different plant extracts showed good antimicrobial activity towards E. coli and B. velezensis bacteria. amongst the investigated results, highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli (84.8%) and B. velezensis (78.1%) was shown by AgNPs mediated by leaf extracts respectively followed by 0.5 mg/L pic and 2.0 mg/L BAP callus mediated silver nanoparticle solution. According to the findings, green produced AgNPs are promising candidates for antibacterial applications against E. coli and B. velezensis. 2022 SAAB -
Anti-vibrio effects of the precious Tibetan pill, Rinchen Drangjor Rilnag Chenmo (RDRC)
Tibetan precious pills are an integral part of TTM (Traditional Tibetan Medicine). Among them, Rinchen Drangjor Rilnag Chenmo (RDRC) has been named King of Precious Pills due to its efficacy in treating a multitude of human disorders. RDRC has a complex formulation with about 140 ingredients, mostly from medicinal plants and a few precious stones and metals. Not many studies have been done on the experimental validation of antimicrobial properties of this important pill. The current study investigated the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of RDRC. Both aqueous and chloroform extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial potential against a total of seven different bacterial species, which are pathogenic, including three species of Vibrio, viz. V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi using the well-diffusion method and also by assessing MIC and MBC values. Its antifungal potential was also studied against two fungal strains Aspergillus Niger and Talaromyces islandicus. It was found that the chloroform extract of RDRC exerted a positive antibacterial effect on all the Vibrio species tested, and the least MIC of 3.33 mg/ml was observed for V. parahaemolyticus. This is the first study of its kind on the anti-Vibrio effect of the Tibetan precious pill, Rinchen Drangjor Rilnag Chenmo. Dhargyal et al (2021). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). -
Anti-Semitic Content on Social Media Analyses Using a Hybrid Model
In the modern world, people have a variety of channels to freely express their opinions, thoughts, knowledge, and feelings on many topics on social media. However, they abuse this freedom by spewing hate speech based on a person's or group's ethnicity, gender, or religion, caste, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and nationality. Hate speech is the most likely form of expression for hostility and superstition on social media. One of the causes of cyberbullying, which can have an effect on social life on both a national and personal level, is an increase in hate speech. Hateful material has the ability to hurt and an individual and promote social unrest. Social media platforms are unable to monitor every topic that is posted by users, so automated detection of hate speech is a crucial tool. Utilizing machine learning models was first popular. But as the dataset size grows, these models are unable to deliver adequate results. While advanced deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), and similar architectures have demonstrated greater reliability and effectiveness. Toxic speech is a typical thing which is floating around on social media in this fast-paced world where social media is a significant part of our lives and influences the thoughts of many people, where people have access to distribute whatever sort of information they want. Fighting this is difficult because hate speech recognition is now essential in modern society. In order to extract the necessary features and determine if a section of news contains hate speech or not, this article uses a hybrid CNN+LSTM architecture. 2025 IEEE. -
Anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract
Lanthanum oxide nanoparticle (La2O3 NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation technique using Plectranthus amboinicus (P. amboinicus ) leaf extract. A yellowish green color was observed after the addition of leaf extract to the NaOH solution. The synthesis of nanoparticles plays a vital role in the field of science and technology. The cubic structure of the La2O3 was confirmed by Powder XRD. The functional groups present in the NPs were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The absorbance spectrum was observed at 274nm in the wavelength range of 230850nm. The calculated band gap value was 4.32eV. The structural morphology of La2O3 NPs was observed as cubic and irregular shape obtained from SEM image and EDAX spectrum which confirms the presence of La and O elements. The average particle sizes of the NPs were observed to be 40.22nm analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The main objective of this research work was focused on prepared La2O3 NPs act as a potential inhibitor to handle various inflammations and diabetes problems. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation approach produced a strong anti-inflammatory response with 92.89% inhibition at 500g/mL while ?-amylase showed significant antidiabetic activity of about 94.55% inhibition at 500g/mL. These results suggest that the green synthesized nanoparticles can be used for ?-amylase and BSA denaturation inhibitory activities, which may be crucial for biomedical applications. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2026. -
Anti-inflammatory activity of Sabicea brevipes Wernharm (Rubiaceae)
Over the years, medicinal plants have been employed in the treatment of inflammation and related ailments. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of the aerial parts of S. brevipes. The extracts and fractions were further evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced rat model at varying doses (200 and 400 mg/kg doses, orally) for 5 h of treatment. The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins in the aerial parts of the plant. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study exhibited inhibition of 42% and 44%, 47% and 36%, 33% and 31%, and 43% and 42% for methanol extract n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction, at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, respectively. The positive control (diclofenac sodium) showed an inhibition value of 51% at 5 mg/kg dose. Finally, it is concluded that S. brevipes possesses anti-inflammatory potential which validates the enthnomedicinal claim of the plant. 2022. Attah EI et al. All Rights Reserved. -
Anti-epileptic medication induced disturbed calcium-vitamin D metabolism: A behavioral analysis using association rule mining technique
BACKGROUND There is a lack of study on vitamin D and calcium levels in epileptic patients receiving therapy, despite the growing recognition of the importance of bone health in individuals with epilepsy. Associations one statistical method for finding correlations between variables in big datasets is called association rule mining (ARM). This technique finds patterns of common items or events in the data set, including associations. Through the analysis of patient data, including demographics, genetic information, and reactions with previous treatments, ARM can identify harmful drug reactions, possible novel combinations of medicines, and trends which connect particular individual features to treatment outcomes. AIM To investigate the evidence on the effects of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) on calcium metabolism and supple-menting with vitamin D to help lower the likelihood of bone-related issues using ARM technique. METHODS ARM technique was used to analyze patients behavior on calcium metabolism, vitamin D and anti-epileptic medicines. Epileptic sufferers of both sexes who attended neurological outpatient and in patient department clinics were recruited for the study. There were three patient groups: Group 1 received one AED, group 2 received two AEDs, and group 3 received more than two AEDs. The researchers analyzed the alkaline phosphatase, ionized calcium, total calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D levels, or parathyroid hormone values. RESULTS A total of 150 patients, aged 12 years to 60 years, were studied, with 50 in each group (1, 2, and 3). 60% were men, this gender imbalance may affect the studys findings, as women have different bone metabolism dynamics influenced by hormonal variations, including menopause. The results may not fully capture the distinct effects of AEDs on female patients. A greater equal distribution of women should be the goal of future studies in order to offer a complete comprehension of the metabolic alterations brought on by AEDs. 86 patients had generalized epilepsy, 64 partial. 42% of patients had AEDs for > 5 years. Polytherapy reduced calcium and vitamin D levels compared to mono and dual therapy. Polytherapy elevated alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus levels. CONCLUSION ARM revealed the possible effects of variables like age, gender, and polytherapy on parathyroid hormone levels in individuals taking antiepileptic medication. The Author(s) 2025. -
Anti-caste Movement and Rise of Dalit Womens Voices from South Asia
There have been cohesive attempts at forging alliance through the sustained efforts of emergent Dalit Civil society network, Dalit academicians and the renaissance of Ambedkarite thought among the Dalit youth around the question of political representation and social justice. This has led to a renewed and greater visibility of caste-based social relations and interactions in the present millennium, which was otherwise, treated as a long-forgotten age-old tradition. The lived experiences of exclusion and atrocities faced by members of the Dalit community especially the violence against women and girls reflect the grim reality of the prevalent casteist and patriarchal society. In this background, the emergence of Dalit Womens collectives raising their voices not just on caste but also on the intersectionality of gender provides a new dimension of analysis based on the critical race theory. Thereby, the attempt has been on forging an alliance and building collective voices. The chapter seeks to highlight the numerous struggles and triumphs along the way made by Dalit Women (also with building alliances with Black Womanists and Feminists Movement) in challenging the way in which feminists discourses have been held leading to rethinking and reimagining womens collectives by way of building solidarities, recognizing the difference of experience and positioning in caste and gender ladder that have influenced access to resources, rights, political representation and decision-making power from the local governance to national level. The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. -
Anti-biofilm activities of nanocomposites: Current scopes and limitations
The past few decades have seen revolutions in the applications of nanomaterials in different walks of science. One of the significant applications in healthcare is the use of nanoparticles (NP) in killing both free floating and biofilm forming bacteria. Several nanoparticles like CuO, Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, MgO and Al2O3 NPs have been proven to achieve this feature with varying efficacies. A more advanced and efficient way to disrupt bacterial biofilms is the use of nanocomposite (NC) materials to eliminate bacteria. Along with various metal oxides, materials like graphene and chitosan can also be used to create various types of NC. One of the biggest advantages of NP and NC over antibiotics is their ability to circumvent the problem of bacterial resistance. The mechanisms by which NC disrupts biofilms, synthesis and characterization of NC and their relative advantages and limitations are discussed in this chapter. With the ever-increasing incidences of diseases caused by multidrug resistant and biofilm forming bacteria, there is an urgent need to devise materials like nanocomposites with a broader spectrum of action. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved. -
Anti-bacterial and biocompatibility properties of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Parkia biglandulosa (Fabales:Fabaceae) leaf extract
The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is considered to be a feasible, green, and eco-friendly method. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using badminton ball tree (Parkia biglandulosa) leaf extract and their significant physiochemical properties were characterized. The aqueous extract of the leaf of P. biglandulosa act as a reducing as well as capping agent for the reduction of Ag+ ?ions. FTIR analysis was conducted to find out the compounds that were liable for the bio-reduction of silver ions and to study the functional groups present in P. bigalandulosa leaf extract. The biologically reduced silver nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance at 439 ?nm as studied from the UVvisible absorption spectrum. TEM studies confirmed the shape of the nanoparticles to be spherical with an average diameter of 15 ?nm. The anti-bacterial properties of the prepared nanoparticles were tested against Bacillus cereus by well plate method. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (PbAgNPs) at 0.02 ?M concentration showed the most antibacterial activity with a zone of inhibition of 7 ?mm. The high biocompatibility of the PbAgNPs by using human skin fibroblast cell line was evaluated by Alamar Blue reduction assay. The PbAgNPs had shown the highest cell viability when compared to native nanoparticles, meanwhile, a significant increase in cell viability was noted for the nanoparticles. The biosynthetic approach for synthesis was found to be a facile, rapid, single-step, safe, and effective alternative to the conventional physical/chemical methods. 2021 The Authors -
Anthraquinone Production from Cell and Organ Cultures of Rubia Species: An Overview
The Rubia genus includes major groups of medicinal plants such as Rubia cordifolia, Rubia tinctorum, and Rubia akane. They contain anthraquinones (AQs), particularly alizarin and purpurin, which have pharmacological effects that are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hemostatic, antibacterial, and more. Alizarin and purpurin have been utilized as natural dyes for cotton, silk, and wool fabrics since the dawn of time. These substances have been used in the cosmetics and food industries to color products. The amount of AQs in different Rubia species is minimal. In order to produce these compounds, researchers have established cell and organ cultures. Investigations have been conducted into numerous chemical and physical parameters that affect the biomass and accumulation of secondary metabolites in a cell, callus, hairy root, and adventitious root suspension cultures. This article offers numerous techniques and approaches used to produce biomass and secondary metabolites from the Rubia species. Additionally, it has been emphasized that cells can be grown in bioreactor cultures to produce AQs. 2022 by the authors.